The Impact Of Firm Level Characteristics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1964 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Organizational performance has attracted scholarly attention in corporate finance literature over the several decades. However, in the context of insurance sector, it has received a little attention. Current study examines the impact of firm level characteristics (size, leverage, tangibility, risk, growth, liquidity and age) on performance of listed life insurance companies of Pakistan over seven years from 2001 to 2007. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Impact Of Firm Level Characteristics" essay for you Create order The results of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression analysis indicate that size, risk and leverage are important determinants of performance of life insurance companies of Pakistan while ROA has statistically insignificant relationship with growth, profitability, age and liquidity. Keywords: performance, firm level characteristics, life insurance companies. Introduction The performance of any firm not only plays the role to increase the market value of that specific firm but also leads towards the growth of the whole industry which ultimately leads towards the overall prosperity of the economy. Measuring the performance of insurers has gained the importance in the corporate finance literature because as intermediaries , these companies are not only providing the mechanism of risk transfer but also helps to channelizing the funds in an appropriate way to support the business activities in the economy . Insurance companies have importance both for businesses and individuals as they indemnify the losses and put them in the same positions as they were before the occurrence of the loss. In addition, insurers provide economic and social benefits in the society i.e. prevention of losses, reduction in anxiousness, fear and increasing employment. Therefore, the current business world without insurance companies is unsustainable because risky businesses have not a capacity to retain all types of risk in current extremely uncertain environment. For the past six decades, Pakistani life insurance companies have shown the impressive progress which not only creates the employment opportunities but also enhances the business activities in the economy. Financial statistics reported the phenomenal growth of Pakistani life insurance companies as these companies comprise 52% and 69% share of entire (life plus non-life) insurance market in terms of net premiums and assets (Insurance Year Book, 2007). In addition, the premium of these life insurers increased by 36% in 2007 (Insurance Year Book, 2007) shows the remarkable progress of life insurance sector of Pakistan. Therefore, what determines the performance of the life insurance industry is an important discussion for the regulators and policy makers to support the sector in achieving the excellence so that desirable economic fruits could be reaped from the help of the life insurance sector of Pakistan. Literature Review The Determinants of performance have been extensively studied in corporate finance literature from the last several decades. For instance; by selecting the sample of US banks, Berger (1995) investigated the impact of capital asset ratio on return on equity. He concluded that capital asset ratio has a positive relationship with profitability. Anghazo (1997) examined the impact of firm level characteristics on US bank net interest margin. The results documented that bank interest margin positively related with leverage, opportunity cost, and default risk and management efficiency. Neeley and Wheelock (1997) explored the determinants of profitability of commercial banks and find that profitability positively related with changes in per capita income. To investigate the performance of banks (Naceur Goaied, 2001)used the sample of Tunisian banks over the period of 1980 to 1995. They advocated that the banks who tried to maintain their high deposits and improve their capital and labor productivity are performed well. Guru et al. (2002) examined the determinants of performance of Malaysian banks over the 10 years period from 1986 to 1995. For this purpose, they selected both micro and macro level characteristics. The results revealed that inflation positively while efficient expense management and high interest rate negatively related with profitability. The results of Goddard et al. (2004) showed that Profit is an important prerequisite for future growth of banks and the banks that maintain a high capital assets ratio tend to grow slowly. A study conducted by the (Sufian Parman, 2009)to investigate the determinants of profitability by selecting the non-commercial banks financial institutions. The findings indicated that credit risk and loan intensity negatively related with profitability while large size and financial institutions with high operational expenses tended to high profitability ratio. (Hakim Neaime, 2005) Observed that liquidity, current capital and investment are the important determinants of banks profitability. (Aburime, 2006) Identified the firm level determinants of profitability of Nigerian banks over the five years period from 2000 to 2004. He concluded that credit portfolio, size, capital size and ownership concentration are important determinants of Nigerian banks. (Kosmidou, 2008) showed that money supply growth has insignificant impact on profitability while GDP and stock market capitalization to assets are significant and have negative relation with the ROA. (Asimakopoulos, Samitas, Papadogo nas, 2009) illustrated that Firms profitability is positively affected by size, sales growth and investment. On the other hand, leverage and current assets negatively related with profitability. Severeral studies also have been conducted to measure the performance of the insurance compnies. For instance; Sloan, A and Conover, J.(1998) deduced that functional status of insurers do not affect the profitability of being insured but public coverage have significant impact on profitability of insurance companies. Chen and Wong ( 2004) examined that size, investment, liquidity are the important determinants of financial health of insurance companies. Chen et al.( 2009) examined the determinants of profitability and the results showed that profitability of insurance companies decreased with the increase in equity ratio. In addition, insurance companies must have to diversify their investment and use effective hedging techniques which help them to create better financial revenues. Research Methodology Sample and Data Currently, there are five life insurance companies operating in Pakistan and all these five companies are selected to measuring their performance over the period of seven years from 2001 to 2007. For this purpose, financial data has been collected from financial statements (Balance Sheets and Profit and Loss a/c) of insurance companies and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Insurance Year Bookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which is published by Insurance Association of Pakistan. Model PR = ÃŽÂ ²0 + ÃŽÂ ²1 (LG) + ÃŽÂ ²2 (TA) + ÃŽÂ ²3 (SZ) + ÃŽÂ ²4 (LQ) + ÃŽÂ ²5 (AG) + ÃŽÂ ²6 (RK) + ÃŽÂ ²7 (GR) + ÃŽÂ µ Where: PR = Performance (Net income before interest and tax divided by total assets) LG = Leverage (Total debts divided by total assets) TA = Tangibility (Fixed assets divided by total assets) SZ = Size (Log of premiums) LQ = Liquidity (Current assets divided by current liabilities) AG = Age (Difference b/w observation year and establishment year) RK = Risk (standard deviation of ratio of total claims to total premiums) GR = Growth (Percentage change in premiums) ÃŽÂ µ = the error term Descriptive Statistics Table 4.1 presents descriptive analysis of the firm level characteristic associated with life insurance sector. This study considers performance as dependent variable whereas leverage, size, growth, tangibility, liquidity, age and risk as independent variables. The industry average is provided by mean along with are the minima and maxima for respective year while standard deviation indicates the inter-industry variation of the variables value within the respective year. Table 4.1 indicates that the minimum value of industry mean of leverage is 0.79 in 2004 and 2007 while the mean value is at its maximum level in 2006 at 0.84.The maximum variation in leverage is observed in 2007 valuing at 0.30 and minimum is found in 2003 at 0.19. The variable size constantly shows the increasing trend from year 2001 to 2007. The mean value of size is at maximum level in 2007 i.e. 7.51 whereas minimum mean value for size is observed at 6.02 in 2001. In addition, the inter industry variation is minimum in 2001 at 2.12. Table 4.1 also shows that growth of Pakistani life insurance companies is not consistent in all seven years and mean value of growth is reached 34.84 in 2007 from 11.53 which is observed in 2001. The mean value of performance (dependent variable) is maximum in 2007 valuing at 0.07 and the minimum value is observed in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005 at 0.02. The standard deviation is also not very high i.e. around 0.02 as compare to other variables except in the year 2007 in which it touches it maximum of 0.07. Table 4.2 also provides descriptive results of tangibility, liquidity, age and risk for the period of seven years from 2001 to 2007 for the life insurance sector of Pakistan. The mean values and standard deviations of tangibility is around 0.03 and 0.02 respectively in all seven years from 2001 to 2007.The mean values of liquidity are indicating an increasing trend from the minimum of 1.70 in 2001 to the maximum value at 6.36 in 2007. The standard deviation is also establishing an increasing trend from a minimum value of 0.76 in 2001 to a maximum value of 8.63 in 2007.The mean value of risk is at its lowest level in 2003 at 0.58 with a minimum standard deviation of 0.45 while these values have reached their maximum level in 2007 i.e. 6.35 and 6.51 respectively. Analysis Table 4.2 reports the results of regression analysis in which seven independent variables are regressed by using the data of life insurance sector of Pakistan from 2001 to 2007. The value of R square (0.816) indicates that performance of life insurance companies is nearly 82% dependent on independent variables i.e. size, leverage, growth, tangibility, age, risk and liquidity. Therefore, performance is mainly defined by these seven variables of life insurers in Pakistan over seven years. Table 4.2 indicates that leverage is negatively and significantly related with the performance of the life insurance companies. This predicts that the performance of highly levered Pakistani life insurance companies is not up to the mark. Table 4.2 also shows that coefficient of variable size is positive and statistically significant at 1% level. This predicts that performance of large size life insurance companies is better than small size companies. The negative coefficient of growth indicates a negative relationship between growth and performance. However, this negative relationship is found to be statistically insignificant with the p-value of 0.809. Therefore, growth is not considered as a proper explanatory variable of performance in life insurance sector. The beta values of explanatory variables tangibility and liquidity are 0.507 and 0.001 respectively with the positive coefficient sign. However, tangibility and liquidity are not statistically significant with the large p-values. Therefore, tangibility and liquidity are not Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) .010 .051 .204 .841 Leverage -.265 .090 -1.579 -2.940 .008* Size .038 .009 1.722 4.120 .001* Growth -4.69 .000 -.032 -.245 .809 Tangibility .507 .367 .183 1.382 .183 Liquidity .001 .003 .058 .205 .840 Age -.003 .003 -.235 -1.169 .257 Risk .004 .002 .374 1.903 .072** considered a powerful explanatory variable to define the performance of life insurance companies in Pakistan over seven years. Negative coefficient of variable age specifies the Table: 4.2 Regression Coefficients Their Significance level R Square 0.816 Adjusted R Square 0.749 F statistics 12.062 * Significant at 1% level **Significant at 10% level ______________________________________ negative relationship between performance and age of the Pakistani life insurance companies. However, the relationship between performance and age is statistically insignificant. Table 4.2 indicates that the coefficient of variable risk is positive and statistically significant at 10% level. According to the nature of insurance industry, ratio of total claims to total premiums (loss ratio) is used as a proxy to measure the risk of the life insurance companies in Pakistan. Positive sign shows a positive relationship between performance and risk of the insurance companies i.e. performance increases with the increase of loss ratio. Conclusion The current study investigates the impact of firm level characteristics on performance of the life insurance sector of Pakistan over the period of seven years from 2001 to 2007. For this purpose, size, profitability, age, risk, growth and tangibility are selected as explanatory variables while ROA is taken as dependent variable. The results of OLS regression analysis reveal that leverage, size and risk are most important determinant of performance of life insurance sector whereas ROA has statistically insignificant relationship with profitability, growth, tangibility and liquidity. TABLE 4.1: Descriptive Statistics Years Leverage Size Growth Performance Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max 2001 0.80 0.21 0.45 0.99 6.02 2.12 3.06 8.93 11.53 11.90 3.22 32.39 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 2002 0.81 0.20 0.47 0.99 6.21 2.11 3.29 9.07 22.21 23.52 3.68 60.99 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 2003 0.82 0.19 0.51 0.99 6.50 2.08 3.57 9.20 37.18 32.62 8.30 90.71 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 2004 0.79 0.24 0.38 0.99 6.68 2.09 3.56 9.31 22.20 27.93 -1.78 61.16 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.05 2005 0.83 0.21 0.47 0.99 6.95 2.03 3.96 9.53 31.18 10.30 24.97 48.98 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.05 2006 0.84 0.20 0.49 0.99 7.21 2.02 4.24 9.68 31.79 26.14 3.74 72.78 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.06 2007 0.79 0.30 0.26 1.00 7.51 2.06 4.50 10.03 34.82 9.25 22.44 45.66 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.17 TABLE 4.1 (Continued): Descriptive Statistics Years Tangibility Liquidity Age Risk Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max Mean SD Min Max 2001 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.06 1.70 0.76 1.07 2.65 16.60 20.40 6.00 53.00 1.92 1.33 0.70 3.94 2002 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.06 1.73 0.86 1.14 3.01 17.60 20.40 7.00 54.00 0.83 0.47 0.40 1.34 2003 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.05 2.18 1.11 1.22 3.72 18.60 20.40 8.00 55.00 0.58 0.45 0.18 1.34 2004 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.04 2.24 1.77 1.09 4.85 19.60 20.40 9.00 56.00 3.34 3.08 0.00 7.23 2005 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.04 3.02 2.26 1.15 5.94 20.60 20.40 10.00 57.00 4.70 2.15 1.23 6.36 2006 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.03 3.98 2.72 1.36 7.37 21.60 20.40 11.00 58.00 3.60 3.86 0.51 9.72 2007 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.05 6.36 8.63 1.33 16.33 22.60 20.40 12.00 59.00 6.35 6.51 1.78 16.00 Table: 4.2 Regression Coefficients Their Significance level Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) .010 .051 .204 .841 Leverage -.265 .090 -1.579 -2.940 .008* Size .038 .009 1.722 4.120 .001* Growth -4.69 .000 -.032 -.245 .809 Tangibility .507 .367 .183 1.382 .183 Liquidity .001 .003 .058 .205 .840 Age -.003 .003 -.235 -1.169 .257 Risk .004 .002 .374 1.903 .072** R Square 0.816 Adjusted R Square 0.749 F statistics 12.062 * Significant at 1% level **Significant at 10% level

While Reading 1984 And Animal Farm, These Two Books Have

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Speech Debut Albums and Non-teaching Academic Leaders free essay sample

Ring Hop Speech Distinguished guests, members of the faculty, to our non;teaching academic leaders and mentors, visitors, fellow pencil pushers, friends, ladies and gentlemen A pleasant and blissful day for all of us!Indeed, it is appropriate and satisfying to celebrate this noteworthy day for each and everyone, colleagues and educators alike, who in many countless ways or another have manifested relentless effort and determination, touched and molded together our youthful lives, guided our enthusiasms and keen resolve, to lay the foundations of capable skills and knowledge, in preparation for the never ending struggle of a utter future..We could not deny the reality, that from the flirts Instance that our Inquisitive mind was nurtured to enrich our initial sense of being, it is our aspiration to struggle and succeed in cultivating our raw talents, hone our skills to obtain the proficient know- how we all need to organize ourselves in entering the world of profession and trade opport unities. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech: Debut Albums and Non-teaching Academic Leaders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is altogether fitting and proper that on this very remarkable day, with all the beliefs and hope this ring hop should signify, we ought to vow not to fail the pains, sacrifices and devotion to fulfill our noble calling, that as we dedicate this ring for those who rusted and relied on us, we must never forget that their expectations depend on how we absorbed the Ideals, the vigor and passions of our personal endeavor, that we may become triumphant In our Individual goals and ambitions..On this note and as we should now part ways to thread our diverse professional undertaking in pursuit of our destinies.. Let us all wear this ring that would remind us or make us all cherish the smile and tears we shared together and pray that Gods grand designs would finally come into being for all his magnificence in service to our fellowmen. THANK YOU VERY MUCH.. !. Everyday In our lives. We came to see many people passing by without knowing that someday you may work with them, or be with them. Ann. in first on my mind. You might be asking why, but it was really them. During my first year in college, as I remember, it was tough. I was a transferee back then, and higher year students stare and look at me as if theyre trying to Finn something in me. I am not the kind who make friends easily. I keep my mouth close and never try to speak 1st. The good thing that happened to me during those days was that, someone took the effort and make the first move in knowing me. Well, I am still a good friend indeed.We talk, we share, we sometimes do our projects and even on eating lunch together. Apteral, starting out as a freshmen is not that bad. I may have difficulties on certain stuff yet it turns out to be a success. My 1st two semester in college taught me how to mingle with people who are quite different with my own lifestyle. The friends I met along the way taught me to become independent, most especially that I am studying away from my family. Days were so fast as if the freshmen years had gone by like a wind.

News Writing free essay sample

An analysis of what is involved in the reporting field and what is required of a reporter. This paper presents an example of a multi-genre paper. The writer uses seven writing styles including poetry, diary entry, news writing, song writing, expository and others to describe and cause an understanding of the job. It looks at hazards of the job of reporting and the benefits too. Local journalist, Sally Jones, was arrested and taken into custody yesterday afternoon. The journalist who has been with the Daily City News for 15 years has been charged with refusing to part with her source information. Jones, who is the publications crime beat reporter refused to tell Circuit Court Judge, Barry Brown, how she came to be in possession of a written bomb threat targeting several local political figures. Jones first came under scrutiny when her story The New List was published on the front page of the paper that she writes for. We will write a custom essay sample on News Writing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Several law enforcement officials were alerted to the story and arrived at her office within hours to demand a copy of the list she had received and the name of who had given it to her. Jones believes the first amendment protects her right not to divulge the information and to refuse to discuss where she got the information.

Free Essays on Darden Restaurants, Inc.

Darden Restaurants, Inc. Introduction At 19 years old, Bill Darden opened a lunch counter called â€Å"The Green Frog† in Waycross, Georgia. The slogan preached â€Å"Service with a Hop† forecasting Mr. Darden’s future idealization on service. (Darden 2001) Darden Restaurants was first incorporated and began official trading at the New York Stock Exchange in 1995 as a spin-off of General Mills to become an independent company. Today, Darden Restaurants is the largest casual dining restaurant company in the world operating Red Lobster, Olive Garden, Bahama Breeze, and Smokey Bones Sports Bar restaurants in North America. All of Darden restaurants in North America are company owned and offer no franchise ventures. Darden has restaurants in every state excluding Alaska. Darden also operates one Olive Garden Cafà © in the United States, and 32 Red Lobsters and five Olive Gardens in Canada. Through its associate partners, Red Lobster Japan, an unaffiliated retailer runs 34 Red Lobsters through a per franchise agreements. Currently, Darden restaurants employ over 120,000 people. (Darden 2001) Darden’s restaurant companies currently compete with full-service, casual dining restaurants such as Outback, Chili’s, and Applebee’s. Darden’s parent company competitors include Brinker’s, Landry, and Metromedia. [Multex 2003] Vision, Mission, and Goals Darden’s vision is based on three building blocks of their strategic framework to continually improve their company. These building blocks are founded on their core value system that includes â€Å"integrity and fairness, respect and caring, diversity, and always learning/always teaching, being of service, teamwork and excellence.† The building blocks of the Darden vision are leadership development, culinary and beverage excellence, and service and hospitality excellence. Two catalysts for these strategic building blocks are diversity and technology. Darden’s mission is... Free Essays on Darden Restaurants, Inc. Free Essays on Darden Restaurants, Inc. Darden Restaurants, Inc. Introduction At 19 years old, Bill Darden opened a lunch counter called â€Å"The Green Frog† in Waycross, Georgia. The slogan preached â€Å"Service with a Hop† forecasting Mr. Darden’s future idealization on service. (Darden 2001) Darden Restaurants was first incorporated and began official trading at the New York Stock Exchange in 1995 as a spin-off of General Mills to become an independent company. Today, Darden Restaurants is the largest casual dining restaurant company in the world operating Red Lobster, Olive Garden, Bahama Breeze, and Smokey Bones Sports Bar restaurants in North America. All of Darden restaurants in North America are company owned and offer no franchise ventures. Darden has restaurants in every state excluding Alaska. Darden also operates one Olive Garden Cafà © in the United States, and 32 Red Lobsters and five Olive Gardens in Canada. Through its associate partners, Red Lobster Japan, an unaffiliated retailer runs 34 Red Lobsters through a per franchise agreements. Currently, Darden restaurants employ over 120,000 people. (Darden 2001) Darden’s restaurant companies currently compete with full-service, casual dining restaurants such as Outback, Chili’s, and Applebee’s. Darden’s parent company competitors include Brinker’s, Landry, and Metromedia. [Multex 2003] Vision, Mission, and Goals Darden’s vision is based on three building blocks of their strategic framework to continually improve their company. These building blocks are founded on their core value system that includes â€Å"integrity and fairness, respect and caring, diversity, and always learning/always teaching, being of service, teamwork and excellence.† The building blocks of the Darden vision are leadership development, culinary and beverage excellence, and service and hospitality excellence. Two catalysts for these strategic building blocks are diversity and technology. Darden’s mission is...

Informative Essay Sample on Reliable Nutritional Information How to Evaluate Sources

Informative Essay Sample on Reliable Nutritional Information How to Evaluate Sources No one would argue that health is a key component of happiness, which has great impact on all other spheres of life. Taking into account that a right diet is an important factor that influences health, it is obvious that a lot of people seek ways to improve it. As a result, a large amount of products is proposed and it is essential to be well informed about products’ properties and possible impact on organism to make a right decision. The question is how to find information one can rely on? Obviously, one can find nutritional information in various sources, such as: books, articles, Web sites. But it is important that you find objective, reliable and up-to-date information. Therefore, when you read a book or an article, take time to look up author’s biography, name of the publishing house or magazine, references to other works. Evidently, well-known magazines are more likely to be trusted, but none-the-less it is essential that the author has a medical background and supports his/her thesis with facts and up-to-date researches. Nowadays, many people search Internet resources for needed information. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine lists 10 questions people need to answer to evaluate medical resources on the Web. These questions are the following: Who runs the site? Who pays for the site? What is the purpose of the site? Where does the information come from? What is the basis of the information? How is the information selected? How current is the information? How does the site choose links to other sites? What information about you does the sit collect and why? How does the site manage interactions with visitors? Answers to these questions will help you to reveal goals that site is aimed to accomplish, which in turn gives you valuable insights on reliability of information. For example, if Web site is sponsored by a drug company, you could expect that articles on the site will tend to explicit information that favor certain companys products. Sometimes you might decide to buy some product that you have seen in commercial, but remember to ask the firm to substantiate the claims made for the product. You should also be aware that sometimes firms may provide undocumented reports from satisfied consumers, or internal graphs and charts as a proof of their claims that often could be mistaken for evidence-based research. To get relevant information ask whether the company conducted tests on the safety or efficacy of the ingredients in the product, whether it has quality control system and whether adverse reports from its consumers were received. On TV, radio, in newspapers and magazines you find a lot of information as to improving your health much of which is supported by recent studies. But you should be critical as to such news for it is well known that research results of various scientists might contradict each other. Therefore, it is important that you analyze whether given information is based on one study or on the entire body of evidence on a topic, you should also take into account whether the study was large and done in humans, whether it studied real disease endpoints or only markers of these diseases. All of the above is essential for it sets ground for a justified decision as to reliability of provided information. At present, the major question is not where to find needed information but how to evaluate its reliability. When you seek nutritional information remember that every resource has its goal to accomplish that impacts its content. Therefore, be critical and use resources that are interested in providing unbiased, objective data like those supported by government agencies, well known research centers and educational institutions.

Morality subject, the rights and wrongs on Abortion on A Catholic Essay

Morality subject, the rights and wrongs on Abortion on A Catholic viewpoint - Essay Example This was the message of Cardinal Renato Martino, who was president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. Moreover, according to Martino, the stance of Amnesty International which is to uphold human rights above specific theologies and the right of the unborn child to live may trigger opposition from the Catholic Church and various anti-abortion organizations but may actually inspire others to cut the life of the unborn child if they feel they have to. Nevertheless, regardless of people’s stance on abortion, the act is considered a moral wrong based on Catholic theology. Based on Catholic theology, abortion is wrong because of several reasons. First, according to De Marco, the immoral nature of abortion depends on â€Å"the presence of hundreds of thousands of non-Catholic individuals who actively oppose abortion, together with the existence of many anti-abortion groups who are affiliated with non-Catholic agencies and institutions†3. Although this may be logi cally a fallacious statement since it is based on the idea of the absolute and unquestionable rightness of the majority of population, the opinion still has practical value. Although practicality is not necessarily synonymous to what is morally right, it is certainly undeniable that the opinion of the majority matters for any institution, including the Catholic Church, is made up of this majority. ... Moreover, since it is not only the Catholic religion that pushes for the respect for the life of the unborn child, then these reasons for the wrongness of abortion are therefore â€Å"not peculiarly Catholic†5. It therefore reflects the sentiments of various other religions. Although it would be rather exhaustive to explain in this paper, there is basically no religion that condemns life. This mere fact therefore tells us that basically life is precious and these religions, which have been established by learned people and intellectuals, may not be that wrong. The stance of the Church itself on abortion is only implied in the Canon law but â€Å"the very fact that there have always been canonical penalties for abortion is a reflection of the Church’s position that abortion is a grave evil†6. Nevertheless, there are specific teachings of the Catholic Church against abortion. In fact, according to the Catechism of the Catholic Church #2271, â€Å"Direct abortionâ € ¦willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law [and] are abominable crimes†7. It is very interesting to note the phrase â€Å"willed either as an end or a means† for it implies that even if abortion were used to save the mother’s life, just like what modern oppositionists are claiming, abortion is nevertheless a crime. It therefore does not make abortion right even if it were used as a means to save a person’s life. The Catholic Church therefore maintains that the functionality of an object or a concept cannot guarantee its spiritual value. Moreover, contrary to what science has determined, for the Catholic religion, â€Å"the exact time when the fetus becomes ‘animated’ has no practical significance

Articles Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Articles Comparison - Essay Example In the second essay the author teaches us to give more importance to ourselves rather than anything else. Throughout the essay he has shown how web technology and media strive to fulfill our needs and desires. But the purpose of the article is not to encourage individuals to become self centered people but also to have sufficient knowledge about the outside world. For the first essay the author Steven Johnson have highlighted the following issues: 1. Web technology centering on common people and giving much attention to their ordinary lives apart from those having extra ordinary lives and given a lot of media attention and coverage. 2. Social interaction surely has become easier and networking, connections more wide spread. 3. The phenomenon of ‘place bloggers’ has enabled people to share their own life, their neighborhood with other members of communities. 4. The essay has also brought into notice the fact that the art of taking snaps and recording videos have not remai ned solely in the hands of professionals. Ordinary people can now to some extent mange these kinds of stuff. 5. The essay never ignores the need to know the designers and creators of those devices that made life this simpler. In the other essay the author Brian Williams has emphasized the following: 1. Need to do things that satisfy us and make us happy. Importance of self has been highlighted throughout. He calls this more important than anything else. 2. The author has also talked about web technology and feels that they have always worked upon meeting our needs and desires. Their strategy is based upon user satisfaction. 3. Sharing our life with others is held as equally important. It gives an individual a sort of pleasure and urge to do so irrespective of whether the viewer likes it or not. 4. Celebration of life is most important. It does not matter whether the concerned person have or does not have a long list of achievements behind him. 5. Although author stresses upon self s atisfaction he does not support keeping oneself locked and shutting the doors of the outside world totally. There are some things, some facts which should be in everyone’s knowledge. Such shortage of knowledge can miss out again many things in life and we can also land up in danger. Both the essays have highlighted have stressed on concentrating on the so called ordinary people and their ordinary lives rather than focusing only on those extraordinary celebrity kinds of people who are already under limelight. The media coverage should not only be for champions and winners or only for those genius people who have a lot of awards and trophies to display (Williams). In this era of web technology people can click their own pictures and make their own videos. The best part is common man can share all this stuff with others on social networking websites or web communities. Web technology has led to better communications and this implies more when it comes to the cultural side (Johns on). Its no more that taking good quality pictures and make good videos is confined to professional experts. Common people, even if not so good as the professionals, can take satisfying snaps and recordings and now a days they are very much willing to share those with friends, relatives and other chatting companions. But those great minds or the creators should also be known. Both the essays consider the need of some facts to be in everybody’

African American Studies Essay Example for Free

African American Studies Essay The three topics I have picked for this reaction paper are â€Å"Hurricane Katrina, The Bombing Of Black Wall Street And Gangs†. I’ve picked these topics because I believe that to this day everything is still about being in control, racism and a touch of slavery which leads to gangs. Hurricane Karina: was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. Most notable in media coverage were the catastrophic effects on the city of New Orleans, La. , and coastal Mississippi. Criticism of the federal, state and local governments’ reaction to the storm was widespread. The bombing of Black Wall Street: community was the sight of a happy, affluent Black community but was too much for angry, jealous Whites in Tulsa, Okla. , in 1921, a false rumor was enough to spark a mass riot that left hundreds of African Americans dead, and a swath of black homes and business burned to the ground. The saddest fact associated with this historic atrocity is that the U. S government and local media were complicit in the death and destruction. Gangs: the word â€Å"gang† comes from â€Å"gonge† a term meaning a journey, but later referring to a â€Å"gonge† of sailors in the fifteenth century. Gangs originally began in the 1800’s which meant kids of the street. But US had other predecessors than unsupervised street urchins. There were four kinds of gangs which were predecessors of the street gangs of today 1. Secret Societies, 2. Gangs of outlaws and in the Wild West, 3. Racist like the Ku Klux Klan, and 4. â€Å"Voting Gangs† tied mainly to the Democratic Party in large cities. Many gangs if armed men were racially mortivated. Racial tensions in the cities like New York were constant, and racist conflict was almost everywhere more violent than nativism.. On May 31. 921 a nineteen year old Black male accidentally stumbled on a bumpy elevator and bumped into a seventeen year old White elevator operator who screamed. The frightened young man was seen running from the elevator by a group of Whites and by the afternoon the â€Å"Tulsa Tribune† reported that the girl had been raped. Despite the girl’s denial of any wrong doing, the young man was arrested and a large mob of 2000 White men came to the jail to lynch the prisoner. With a defenseless Black community before them, the white mob advanced to the greenwood district where they first looted and then burned down all Black business, homes, and churches. Any black resisters were shot and thrown in fires. That’s how it became â€Å"The Bombing of Black Wall Street†. It all comes to what’s going on now with, if you are in a gang you can’t go in one neighborhood if you are not affiliated with that neighborhood gang, just like back in then when blacks wasn’t allowed in white people areas or if blacks were allowed, they were segregated. After the Tulsa riot, White inhabitants tried to buy the Black property and force the Black people out of town. No Tulsa bank or leading institution would make loans in the riot-marred Greenwood district, and the city refused all outside assistance. However, racial pride and self determination would not permit the Greenwood owners to sell. Since African Americans could neither live among Whites as equals nor patronize White business in Tulsa, Blacks had to develop a completely separate business and community, which soon became prosperous and legendary. Black dollars invested in black community also produced self-pride, self –sufficiency, and self-determination.

Free College Essays - Self-Destruction in Shes Come Undone by Wally Lamb :: Shes Come Undone

She's Come Undone - Self-Destruction In She's Come Undone Wally Lamb addresses the effects of personal trauma on one's self-image and the propensity of survivors to move towards self-destruction. Dolores believes that she is the cause of all of her tragedies, including her rape and her mother's death, and that the one true evil in her life is herself. She convinces herself that she deserves whatever pain she may receive along the course of life. With each new hardship, her guilt is increased. Her destruction begins with overeating and culminates in attempted suicide. When Dolores is in eighth grade she is raped by Jack, one of her grandmother's tenants. She had always had a crush on Jack and allowed him to give her rides to and from school. She decides that he must have been encouraged by her actions and that therefore the rape is her fault. Shortly after Dolores is raped, Jack's wife, Rita, has a miscarriage. Although Rita has had many miscarriages before, Dolores is sure that this one is a result of "the filthy thing that {she and Jack} had done" (Lamb 111). From then on, Dolores considers herself to be a "baby-killer" (112). During her high school years, Dolores' only companions are her television and her junk food. She isolates herself from her peers. She eats constantly and becomes extremely overweight. She also takes up smoking. Although her doctor warns her that her lifestyle is putting her health in serious danger, she continues to binge and smoke. She does not feel that her life is worth worrying about (126). Shortly after Dolores' high school graduation, Dolores' mother is killed when she is hit by a semi truck. Dolores blames herself and reasons that her mother's death must be Dolores' punishment for being a horrible daughter. She recalls what her mother said on the night of her death: "You've made me so ... tired" (135). She remembers how awful she was to her mother during the months before her death (138). She feels that she should have died instead of her mother. She bargains with God to bring her mother back and take her instead (138). Dolores' self-destruction culminates in attempted suicide. She hires a taxi to take her to Cape Cod, where she plans to commit suicide amongst the beached whales.

Financial Statement

Financial Statement Companies use several tools such as a balance sheet to make sound business decisions. A balance sheet is a quantitative summary of a company's financial condition at a specific point in time, including assets, liabilities and net worth. The first part of a balance sheet shows all the productive assets a company owns, and the second part shows all the financing methods (such as liabilities and shareholders' equity) Also, called statement of condition. On a balance sheet, assets are equal to the sum of liabilities, common stock, preferred stock, and retained earnings. Another tool used by companies to make decisions is a company's Income statement. An income statement is an accounting of sales, expenses, and net profit for a given period. The purpose of this report is to view the company's performance (profits and losses) over a designated period of time. It lists the company's revenues and its debts during operational and non operational periods. The balance sheet works in conjunction with the income statement: both deals with matters that concern investors. The next tool used is called a retained earnings statement. A retained earnings statement is a financial statement that lists a firm's accumulated retained earnings and net income that has been paid as dividends to stockholders in the current period. Also can be known as, statement of retained earnings. It is important for everyone to understand that retained earnings do not represent surplus cash or cash left over after the payment of dividends. Rather, retained earnings demonstrate what a company did with its profits; they are the amount of profit the company has reinvested in the business since its inception. These reinvestments are either asset purchases or liability reductions. Next in line is the statement of Cash flows. Statement of cash flows is a summary of a company's cash flow over a given period of time. What can the statement of cash flows tell us? It’s simple, because the income statement is prepared under the accrual basis of accounting, the revenues reported may not have been collected. Similarly, the expenses reported on the income statement might not have been paid. You could review the balance sheet changes to determine the facts, but the cash flow statement already has integrated all that information. As a result, savvy business people and investors utilize this important financial statement. A company also uses comparative statements to track gains, losses, and trends over a given time period. This allows that company to forecast future performance in order to make sound business decisions. Viewing and researching how a company did last year, or the year before, or an average over the past five years can ease doubt, assist with finding solutions, and either make or break a company's financial future. References †¢This is the site used for definitions under financial statements, http://www. investorwords. com/1957/financial_statement. html †¢This is the site I read about each topic, some topics are in other topics. http://www. accountingcoach. com/explanations. html Financial Statement In this week, learning and understanding how import the financial account in the company’s financial performance is very important in becoming a manager. This account, records all financial information to which management, creditors, stockholders, potential investors and regulatory agencies understand the financial consequences of a company’s decision and actions. Whether the company has an increasing revenue or losing assets, the company’s credit worthy ness, complying with taxation and regulation of the agencies and government, financial statement is data recorded of the company’s activities (Cleaves, Hobbs, & Noble, 2012).In creating a financial statement, one must understand the three fundamentals. The first one is an income statement which commonly known as profit and loss statement. It shows the number of profits produced by the company over a given time, let say 1 year. By subtracting the sales or revenue from cost of goods sold to yield to profits. Balance sheet is the second statement which deliver a snapshot on a specified date of a firm’s financial position, giving its asset holdings, liabilities, and owner-supplied capital (stockholders’ equity).In an equation form, total debt (liabilities) plus total shareholders is equal to total assets. The total assets characterize the resources own by the company while liabilities and shareholder’s equity suggest how those resources had financed. By law, the company needs to report the amount of the company’s numerous assets in the balance sheet by using the actual cost of obtaining them to show the historical transaction at their cost. There are two types of analysis used in comparing information in the balance sheet, horizontal and vertical.Horizontal or trend analysis pertains to item by item comparison with a number of quarters within a fiscal year or other years. Vertical analysis uses percentage to compare an each item against total asset of financia l statement. The last statement is cash flow recognizes the sources and expenditures of a company’s cash. In measuring cash flow, we can use two approaches, statement of cash flows and free cash flows or financing cash flows.Statement of cash flows identifies the bases and expenditures of cash that describe the change in the company’s cash balance reported in the balance sheet. Once the company has compensated all of its operating overheads and taxes and completed all of its investments, any residual cash is free to be dispersed to the creditors and shareholders. On the other hand, if the free cash flows are negative, manager will have to procure financing from creditors or shareholders (Keown, Martin & Petty, 2014). Financial Statement In this week, learning and understanding how import the financial account in the company’s financial performance is very important in becoming a manager. This account, records all financial information to which management, creditors, stockholders, potential investors and regulatory agencies understand the financial consequences of a company’s decision and actions. Whether the company has an increasing revenue or losing assets, the company’s credit worthy ness, complying with taxation and regulation of the agencies and government, financial statement is data recorded of the company’s activities (Cleaves, Hobbs, & Noble, 2012).In creating a financial statement, one must understand the three fundamentals. The first one is an income statement which commonly known as profit and loss statement. It shows the number of profits produced by the company over a given time, let say 1 year. By subtracting the sales or revenue from cost of goods sold to yield to profits. Balance sheet is the second statement which deliver a snapshot on a specified date of a firm’s financial position, giving its asset holdings, liabilities, and owner-supplied capital (stockholders’ equity).In an equation form, total debt (liabilities) plus total shareholders is equal to total assets. The total assets characterize the resources own by the company while liabilities and shareholder’s equity suggest how those resources had financed. By law, the company needs to report the amount of the company’s numerous assets in the balance sheet by using the actual cost of obtaining them to show the historical transaction at their cost. There are two types of analysis used in comparing information in the balance sheet, horizontal and vertical.Horizontal or trend analysis pertains to item by item comparison with a number of quarters within a fiscal year or other years. Vertical analysis uses percentage to compare an each item against total asset of financia l statement. The last statement is cash flow recognizes the sources and expenditures of a company’s cash. In measuring cash flow, we can use two approaches, statement of cash flows and free cash flows or financing cash flows.Statement of cash flows identifies the bases and expenditures of cash that describe the change in the company’s cash balance reported in the balance sheet. Once the company has compensated all of its operating overheads and taxes and completed all of its investments, any residual cash is free to be dispersed to the creditors and shareholders. On the other hand, if the free cash flows are negative, manager will have to procure financing from creditors or shareholders (Keown, Martin & Petty, 2014).

Fredric Jameson – Postmodernism

It gives examples of different artists like; Andy Warhol, John Cage, Phil Glass and Terry Tillie who started off in an expressionist format than went off to add some â€Å"punk and new wave rock into the rapidly evolving French nouveau roman fashions. † (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) With the visible and detailed architecture that emerged from postmodernism to ether implacable â€Å"so called international style† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) of Frank Lloyd Wright works.From the simplicity, fabrics, contexts and surroundings he had analyzers, analyze how profound his work was with a term â€Å"Master† (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) with identifying its characteristics. The ending just brings forth the beginning of the chapter and talks about the relationship the public have with their historical knowledge. How one can cater to the arts in a very profound way with â€Å"emotion ground tones. (Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) While others Just reflect on the artwork in a political stances and vase it off a â€Å"multinational capital,† (Frederic Jameson, Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, l) which creates more space for new works to make money in a sense. Work Citied 1. Frederic Jameson Postmodernism or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, I Frederic Jameson – Postmodernism By Anises-Peters

Devoloping an Effective Message

Devoloping an Effective Message Free Online Research Papers THE OBJECTIVE: Encourage participants to take action and meet specific Health Care goals, and get them to comply with in a set amount of time. MOTIVATE PARTICIPANTS: Display notes, notices, messages, charts, and posters in advance of the meeting. Set up time to work with the participants who have small changes to be made in advance; in order to change the amount of people you need to target. Get them to take action by incorporating personal illustrations and examples based specifically on the Health Care Plan/ Plans; use account information of a fictitious employee and a power point presentation, to determine the current asset allocation strategy. Present age-based asset allocation models for purpose of comparison, show them that time is important here, â€Å"the sooner you† â€Å"the more you get†- always helps to motivate someone; get them to take action to review their current plans and take on new ones if necessary. Targeted messaging increases readership and improves responsiveness. Get the ones who do not plan to take any changes on to leave early. Cover the small facts first, this will help get the employee’s who are making small changes out of the way so you can deal, only with the participants who have the complex changes; making your job much easier to do and to get your points across faster(993/present, n.d.). TEN WAYS TO GET YOUR MESSAGE ACROSS (Marketing, n.d.): Think of getting your message across as a play or a show of sorts, follow the movie strategy. 1. PLAY TO THE BALCONY: project to the back row and everyone will hear you. 2. LEARN YOUR LINES: create your message clearly and concisely, explain how you plan to meet everyone’s needs. Be humorous; this shows your audience that you are human and puts you on their level. 3. ENTER SMILING: make your Health Care materials user friendly to avoid confusing people, maintain a friendly tone, and show them they can trust you to solve their problems/ miss-understandings with the new plan. 4. PUT YOUR BEST FOOT FORWARD: step out with confidence, create a positive impression; show them the new plan can be explained in a short period of time and this will relax your audience; make them more open to the information you are sending them. 5. BECOME A QUICK STUDY: you don’t have much time, so do your homework before your meeting. Learn as much as possible about the new changes in the Health Care Plan; and learn what part you could play in solving any problems; your preparation will help your credibility. 6. BE A TRIPLE THREAT: deliver quality, service, and price; it is imperative to provide all three. These move their attitude towards a boring subject; into numbers and show them the winning numbers first (the ones that they win for applying themselves in a timely manner). 7. ALWAYS LEAVE THEM WANTING MORE: give them the up side of the Health Care Plan’s changes. Show them who win’s by up-dating their old plan. Once you’ve finished These projects, suggest an opening for questions- and – answers; let them go over what they need to know. This will also get the â€Å"Ball Rolling†; once you’ve done that everyone will follow thru with getting changes taking place faster. They will appreciate that you are proactive and take their needs in earnest. 8. WIRK WITH A GOOD DIRECTOR: pass out Health Care Plan, worksheets, so when you go over the basics (Maybe in a power point presentation), they can fill in their own figures, in other words â€Å"Do the Math for them†. 9. GET TOP BILLING: Leave open time to work with employee’s, on a one on one basis. Be ready to help them when/where needed, such as a name or phone number they can get in touch with to help out with any problems they may encounter. 10. MAKE SURE OF YOUR DATES: be sure to repeat the importance of the time span involved. Be sure everyone knows the exact time span by emphasizing the dead line several times during your meeting. Tell them over and over the DATE DUE. This not only makes the audience feel pepped-up, but also leaves them wanting to do the right thing in a timely manner. If it is possible with-in your company; offer some type of reward for complying in a timely manner. The best thing to remember is to get the so called Dead-Beats, out of your way before you even start your meeting. In other words people can influence other people: if you have employee’s who do not plan on taking on the new Health Care Plan, they will ask all the wrong questions on purpose and run down what you are trying to accomplish with the employee’s you are trying to help understand the major changes. REFERENCE PAGE Marketing, (n.d.), retrieved March 4. 2008, from resource Web Site: sbnonline.com/Local/Article/1274/82/0/Marketing_from_the_footlights.aspx 993/present, (n.d.), retrieved March 4, 2008. From resource Web Site: http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/993/present.html Research Papers on Devoloping an Effective MessageAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaWhere Wild and West MeetIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAWBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Gabriel Prossers Plot for Freedom

Gabriel Prosser's Plot for Freedom Gabriel Prosser and his brother, Solomon, were preparing for the farthest reaching rebellion in United States History. Inspired by the egalitarian philosophy that launched the Haitian Revolution, the Prosser brothers brought together enslaved and freed African-Americans, poor whites, and Native Americans to rebel against wealthy whites. However, a combination of inclement weather conditions and the fears of a few enslaved African-American men halted the rebellion from ever taking place. Gabriel Prossers Life Prosser was born in 1776 on a tobacco plantation in Henrico County, Va. At an early age, Prosser and his brother, Solomon, were trained to work as blacksmiths and  was also taught to read and write. By the age of twenty, Prosser was considered a leader- he was literate, intelligent, strong and stood over six feet tall. In 1798, Prossers owner died and his son, Thomas Henry Prosser, became his new master. Considered an ambitious master who wanted to expand his wealth, Thomas Henry hired Prosser and Solomon out to work with merchants and artisans. Prossers ability to work in Richmond and its surrounding areas allowed him the freedom to discover the area, earn extra money and work with freed African-American laborers. Gabriel Prossers Great Plan In 1799, Prosser, Solomon, and another slave named Jupiter stole a pig. When the three were caught by an overseer, Gabriel fought him and bit off the overseers ear. Shortly after, he was found guilty of maiming a white man. Although this was a capital offense, Prosser was able to choose public branding over being hanged if he could recite a verse from the Bible. Prosser was branded on his left hand and spent a month in jail. This punishment, the freedom Prosser experienced as a hired-out blacksmith, as well as the symbolism of the American and Haitian Revolutions  prompted the organization of the Prosser Rebellion. Inspired primarily by the Haitian Revolution, Prosser believed that oppressed people in society should work together for change. Prosser planned to include enslaved and freed African-Americans as well as poor whites, Native Americans and French troops in the rebellion.    Prossers plan was to take possession of Capitol Square in Richmond. Holding Governor James Monroe as a hostage, Prosser believed he could bargain with authorities. After telling Solomon and another slave named Ben of his plans, the trio began recruiting revolters. Women were not included in Prossers militia, but free blacks and whites became dedicated to the cause of insurrection. Pretty soon, the men were recruiting throughout Richmond, Petersburg, Norfolk, Albermarle and the counties of Henrico, Caroline, and Louisa. Prosser used his skills as a blacksmith to create swords and molding bullets. Others collected weapons. The motto of the rebellion would be the same as the Haitian RevolutionDeath or Liberty. Although rumors of the upcoming rebellion were reported to Governor Monroe, they were ignored. Prosser planned the revolt for August 30, 1800, but it could not take place because of a severe thunderstorm that made it impossible to travel across road and bridges. The plot was supposed to take place the following day on Sunday, August 31, but several enslaved African-Americans told their masters of the plot. Landowners set up white patrols  and alerted Monroe who organized the state militia to search for rebels. Within two weeks, almost 30 enslaved African-Americans were in jail waiting to be seen in the Oyer and Terminir- a court in which people are tried without a jury but can provide testimony. The Trial The trial lasted two months and an estimated 65 enslaved men were tried. Almost thirty of these enslaved men were executed while others were sold to owners in other states. Some were found not guilty and others were pardoned. The trials began on September 11. Officials offered full pardons to enslaved men who gave testimony against other members of the conspiracy. Ben, who had helped Solomon and Prosser organize the rebellion, offered testimony. Another man named Ben Woolfolk offered the same. Ben offered testimony that led to the execution of several other enslaved men including Prossers brothers Solomon and Martin. Ben Woolfolk provided information on enslaved participants from other areas of Virginia. Before Solomons death, he provided the following testimony: My brother Gabriel was the person who influenced me to join him and others in order that (as he said) we might conquer the white people and possess ourselves of their property. Another enslaved man, King, said, I was never so glad to hear anything in my life. I am ready to join them at any moment. I could slay the white people like sheep. Although most recruits were tried and convicted in Richmond, others in outlying counties received the same fate. In places like Norfolk County, however, enslaved African-Americans and working-class whites were questioned in an attempt to find witnesses. However, no one would provide testimony and enslaved men in Norfolk County were released. And in Petersburg, four free African-Americans were arrested but could not be convicted because the testimony of an enslaved person against a freed person was not permitted in the courts of Virginia. On September 14, Prosser was identified to authorities. On October 6, he was put on trial. Although several people testified against Prosser, he refused to make a statement in court. On October 10, he was hung in the town gallows. The Aftermath According to state law, the state of Virginia had to reimburse slaveholders for their lost property. In total, Virginia paid more than $8900 to slaveholders for enslaved men who were hung. Between 1801 and 1805, the Virginia Assembly debated on the idea of gradual emancipation of enslaved African-Americans. However, the state legislature decided instead to control enslaved African-Americans by outlawing literacy and placed restrictions on hiring out. Although Prossers rebellion did not come to fruition, it inspired others. In 1802, the Easter Plot took place. And thirty years later, Nat Turners Rebellion took place in Southampton County.

Improving the General Health of People with Learning Disabilities Essay

Improving the General Health of People with Learning Disabilities - Essay Example The mental health, consequences of behavior on health and epilepsy management of these patients is focused mostly by psychiatrics who addresses the discrepancy in clinical health and practices. Introduction Inequalities in health status The achievement of better health is an apposite goal for all, including those with learning disabilities. Characters with learning disabilities are heterogeneous in nature and exhibits needs that vary. The impact of environmental and social factors on health matters is definitely bigger in these groups. Gates (2009) Improved health is likely to improve the quality of lives of the families and individuals of the affected population, thus the need to remove great differences between those learning with disabilities and the public population will be strong. I will in this article discuss the areas that need to be improved for the learning-disabled which are high in disparities among healthy care related matters. Some of these include: A distinction in he alth as a result of increased mortality, morbidity, rise in negative decider of health such as increased poverty and a variation in health care as a result of unequal and inequality of health services to the learning-disabled.(Fraser 1998:293) I will focus on the issues and details that must be considered in order to make the necessary improvements in health matters. I consider tackling five areas in particular, which include: health needs the disparity in health, barriers to better health, health provision in primary care and fully addressing the disparity in the health care for the learning-disabled. Disparity in health The issue of indifference of health care Gates (2009) must be addressed in order to reach an appropriate development in health to the same level of health care that the public population enjoys. Inequalities in health care and access were an issue of health disparity in the past, as minor ethnic groups were the most affected between the population and the groups in health care facilities. Recently, Surgeon (2002) has focused their interest on disparity for those with learning disabilities. This concept adds a spotlight to the appropriate planning of services. However some difficulties are present particularly when intending to allow for the effects of etiology of the recipients disability on any obvious disparity. For instance, Gates (2009) relentless advances in accident prevention measures, in treatment induced abnormalities and cases of epilepsy may cause a reduction in disparity in various groups among the population. Health needs Welsh (1996) suggest that citizens with learning disabilities have mutual specific and general health needs. This should be provided within the primary health care environment. Common morbidities occur at greater frequencies that arise from professional health needs that are related with definite medical conditions. The conditions are not one of their kinds to individuals with learning disabilities as they have a high prevalence in the population resulting in an important part of health assessment. This has brought to the table that a consensus can be of; sensory deficit, epilepsy and disturbance in the behavior and psychology among the learning-disa

Humanities Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Humanities Ethics - Coursework Example This statement fits with Hospers larger arguments on the rights that all persons have including the right to life, liberty, and property. He suggests that even the government cannot infringe on these rights but rather should protect them. In particular, Hospers suggests that governments are prone to violating citizens’ property rights. Question 2: Discuss the legal and moral implications of outlawing the use of drugs that seem not to harm others. Compare this to other laws, e.g., requiring even a lone driver to wear a seatbelt. Excessive drug use in society remains one of the most challenging issues to governments. In addition, prohibiting drug use particularly of those that do not harm others presents legal implications. It is notable that the less a drug is harmless the fewer the legal legislations designed to tame their use. However, outlawing the use of harmless drugs presents legal scenarios such as inability to enforce such legal frameworks. Furthermore, the prohibition of such drugs presents moral implications in that the society will eventually use the medication under cover. Central to the efforts to tame drug use is the notion of society and pubic protection from harm. The laws requiring lone drivers also emerged because of the need to protect the public. Question 3: Some First Amendment free-speech advocates say that cyberporn cannot be restricted. The Supreme Court unanimously agreed (Reno v. ACLU 1997), making it the responsibility of Internet users to protect themselves and their children from obscene or indecent material. Defend, logically and specifically, the rationale for one or the other position. Cyberporn is a challenging phenomenon to the society because of its potential dangers and I oppose the views of the First Amendment free speech advocates because the vice can be restricted. The Supreme Court tasking the public with the responsibility of protecting themselves appears as the most neutral and workable solution. The internet user s are in a position of employing certain technological or programming steps protect users from accessing such content while in the internet. This is a workable solution and the United Nations and major organizations have implemented such initiatives to bar people from accessing pornographic content. Question 4: State J. S. Mill’s harm principle, critiquing it in light of Lynn’s reasoning that â€Å"we should punish harmful behavior, not harmful thoughts.† Szasz (a la Mill) further says, â€Å"The individual is sovereign,† and has the right to use drugs even if they harm him/her. Wilson disagrees. For the 25 million U.S. cocaine users, is drug use just a private/civil rights issue? Is it harmful to others? Give a studied explanation of your response. Individuals have rights and they must be left alone to enjoy those rights including the liberty to choose the life they want to live. However, in the context of drug use, these individuals observe that the leg al instruments that seek to outlaw and curb users infringe their private and civil rights. Drugs are highly harmful to other people especially passive users. The effects of drugs on the social functioning cannot be overemphasized. Drug use is harmful to others in the sense that people who do not use the drugs suffer a great deal because of their relationship with consumers. Question 5: Singer introduces two moral principles, the second of which has a strong version and a

Psychogeography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychogeography - Essay Example In some cases, psychogeography is also concern on how the environment could influence how a person thinks (Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). The study of psychogeography is significant in the profession of engineers and architects. Specifically the common elements associated with the study of psychogeography include: cultural and social critique, marginalized urban experiences, past experiences, re-enchantment of cityscape, space, spatial history, trauma, and walking. In relation to the common elements of psychogeography, this report aims to critically analyze and compare the context of Alan Bennet’s â€Å"A life like other people† (2009) with Matt Condon’s â€Å"Brisbane† (2010). Psychogeographic Comparison between the Text Written by Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010) In relation to the elements of psychogeography, there are similarities in the context of extracts take from the works of Bennett (2009) and Condon (2010). One of the most obvious similarities bet ween these two context is that the past experiences, regardless of whether or not the said experience is traumatic or a happy event a person has on a specific place, can last for a lifetime. For instance, Bennett (2009) mentoned that after so many years, he remembered a man who drowned in a canal situated close to the university boathouse at Calverley. This particular event has created a negative experience for Bennett. Bennett (2009) also remembered the hill that runs down to Rodley, the canal that runs parallel the railway, and in between the canal and the railway runs the Aire river. All these fixed environmental features brought back some old memories to Bennett. At the age of 20, Condon (2010) left Brisbane – the place where he was born. After 47 long years, Condon (2010) decided to go back to his hometown again. He live in the same house which is situated hundreds of metres away from the ponds. Condon mentioned that he remembered or at least he was able to imagine his c hildhood days within the same geographic area. Despite all the significant changes that took place within the same environment (i.e. the presence of computer stores, tanning salons, office buildings, and the bitumen road), Condon (2010) felt that nothing much has significantly changed due to the fact that the river, hills, and gullies are still situated in the same place. Basically, these two (2) entirely different scenarios clearly strongly suggest that the act of going back to the same geographic environment, regardless of the changes that took place in the city, could bring out the same old memories and/or the same old feeling each person had while staying in the same place. Change is the only thing that is constant in this world. In relation to the concept of urbanization, psychogeography is commonly used in the process of enabling human beings to change the urban life (Coverley, Psychogeography, 2010, p. 10). Within this context, psychogeographers usually aim to examine the imp act of different ambience of urban places on the feelings, emotions, mental stability, and socializing behaviour of people (Del Casino et al., 2011, p. 285; Prescott-Steed, 2013, p. 46). This further explains why most of the modern architects today are carefully analyzing how light can significantly affect positive ambience in space when creating a new architectural design (Knabb, 2007, p. 4). Re-enchantment of the cityscape is another

What Is the Principle-Agent Relationship Essay Example for Free

What Is the Principle-Agent Relationship Essay A great majority of social and economic relationships are of the principle agent type. The principle-agent problem is a game-theoretic situation where; there is a player (the principal) and one more other players (the agents). This is the problem of how the principle can motivate the agent to act for the principles benefit rather than follow self interest. â€Å"The problem is how to devise incentives which lead to report truthfully to the principle on the facts they face and the actions they take, and act for the principles benefit. Incentives include rewards such as bonuses or promotion for success, and penalties such as demotion or dismissal for failure to act in the principles interest. † (Black, J. 2003). The actions however, may not always be apparent so it is not usually adequate for the principle to state payment on the actions of the agents. The reasons why we expect the public sector to be inefficient has to do with the incentives and restrictions of the individual and organisational levels. There are at least two important reasons why perfect contingency markets have not developed as stated by Broadway Wildasin (1984). The first reason is that the transaction costs of establishing such markets might be high relative to the number of traders. The other reason is the observable fact of asymmetric information, also known as the principal agent problem. Two particularly significant consequences of this reliance are â€Å"moral hazard† and â€Å"adverse selection†. Daniel W. Bromley (1989), states that the principal must rely on indicators of success rather than success itself (adverse selection), while the agent directs attention toward the satisfaction of proxy measures rather than toward the success of the task itself. (moral hazard). The â€Å"hazard† in moral hazard refers to the fact that the individual has an incentive to direct behaviour toward proxy measures rather than toward the desired goal. This redirection can result in creating incentives for perverse behaviour. The â€Å"adverse† in adverse selection refers to the fact that the establishment of monitoring criteria leads to perverse measurement. Individuals who wish to take out insurance possess information that insurers don’t. The insured persons (the agents) can exploit this informational advantage in dealing with insurers (the principles) in various ways (Broadway Wildasin, 1984). Moral hazard occurs when the insured can, through actions unobservable to the insurer, influence wither the probability of a loss occurring, or the magnitude of the loss. For example, a person can influence the probability of an accident by the degree of preventive action taken. If the quantity of preventive action is not observable to the insured, market failure can result. Alternatively the standard example of how the insured influences the size of the loss is medical insurance. In the event that illness occurs, the insured can overuse medical services. Adverse selection occurs when there are several different types of insured persons, distinguishing from one another by the probabilities of a bad state of nature occurring. Thus, for some persons might be high risk and others low risk, and the insurers cannot tell one from the other. Automobile insurers cannot tell careful from careless drivers except imperfectly through such indicators as sex, and family status. Equilibrium may not exist in the presence of adverse selection and even if it does it may not be efficient. A problem related to adverse selection is the simple lack of information by market participants. The diversification of the Pareto-Optimality of competitive markets assumed that individuals and firms have complete knowledge regarding the availability and attributes of all goods and factors. Such will not always be the case. Consumers may not know the implications of various products for their health or safety, nor will they have full information on the relative merits of various competing consumer items. Firms do not always know the quality of the labour force they are hiring. The provision of information has the attributes of a public good, especially the joint consumption property. Thus, information on product safety and health hazards is often publicly provided. (e. g the Food and Drug Administration). Similarly the education system provides, in addition to its training role, an informational function known as screening. That is by attaching levels of achievement to persons coming out of the education system (e. g. egrees, diplomas, grades), information is being provided to prospective employers regarding the potential productivity of the person. Presumably, the practice of licensing various professions or trades plays a similar screening role, however imperfect it is. The dissemination of information can, for our purposes, be considered as a particular type of public good. Due to the non existence of perfect contingency markets, Pareto optimality does not exist in the real world, and this may influence government behaviour. According to Brown Jackson (1990), inefficiency in the public sector arises when there is an asymmetry of information between those who demand services and those who supply them. This problem is predominantly evident in education and healthcare due to imperfect information. For instance, a patient (the principle) seeks information and advice from her GP or consultant (the agent) concerning her medical condition (i. e. health status). The doctor has specialist technical knowledge and subsequently in providing information to the patient the doctor also advises them on what should be done next. Therefore, because the doctor has the technical skills to make decisions in the patient’s best interests; in most cases they make the decisions for the patients. Had the patient been fully informed and competent enough to assess the technical options, the doctor wouldn’t have to stand in place of the patient as they would have been able to make their own decisions. The public sector consists of professional groups such as doctors, lawyers, teachers, planners etc. Each of these professions holds their own norms and standards that have a hold upon the level and quality of their services. If a lawyer puts professional standards above the interests of the client then this will result in allocative efficiency as they are acting in their own interests as agents rather than those of the principal. Another example of principal and agent is that between voters and elected politicians. â€Å"The rationale for the existence of a representative democracy is that politicians, because of their specialization, are better informed than the general voting public and stand as agents of the voters. † (Brown Jackson, 1990. p. 204). If politicians get the wrong idea about the preferences of the principles then there will be allocative inefficiency once again. In some cases, the suppliers of public services are not exploiting the customers/voters for profit but rather that in serving their own interests â€Å"they may tend to over produce or to produce a quality of service in excess of what tax payers would be prepared to pay if they were better informed. † (Brown Jackson, 1990. p. 204) Due to budget constraints, public firms do not have the financial capabilities to provide powerful incentives unlike private firms. Bonuses are not awarded for good performance nor can individuals be fired for misperfomance. Subsequently, public agencies are systematically less efficient as individuals are less complacent to be efficient or to provide the best services to their customers. Even if they do have any incentive, more often their aim directed at political goals rather than the objectives. Bureaucrats for instance, as explained by Stiglitz (2000) may not receive ample pay checks or considerable dividends from increased efficiency, but they often seem to enjoy the power and prestige associated with being in charge of a larger organization. They attempt to maximize the size of their bureaucracy by reducing efficiency. The only thing that stops them from doing this is competition between bureaucracies. W. A Niskanen, implies that the increasing centralization of government bureaucracies has reduced competition, in doing so bureaucrats can pursue their interests at the expense of efficiency and the public interest. This is an example of the principle-agent problem. â€Å"Here, the problem is, how do the citizens (the â€Å"principles†) get their employees, public servants (the â€Å"agents†), to act in their interests? † (Stiglitz, 2000 p. 202) Revise.

The Pit and the Pendulum :: Pit and the Pendulum Essays

The Pit and the Pendulum "The place where you die is where you become young again." The accused in "The Pit and the Pendulum" is obviously being persecuted. For what religion or practice we do not know. For what crime it is not said. The prisoner does not even question his guilt or innocence. The accused in this story, to whom Poe does not give a name, is subjected to three life threatening situations. Poe, along with other English Romantics believed that being born was actually coming to the end of another existence. With this in consideration could the tomb in which the prisoner was confined be thought of as a womb? Could then the pit be considered a tunnel that leads to a New World? Poe utilizes one of the most common and universal phobias in "The Pit and the Pendulum," which is the darkness. Imagine you are condemned to death and wake to find that you cannot see your hand two inches from your face. Darkness commonly evokes feelings of anxiety, but under these circumstances I would think absolute terror. The tomb is dark, and only by an accident does the accused escape the pit and certain death. The victim searched for a rock in order to estimate the depths, which he just avoided. As the masonry hit the water far below, a light burst into his vault and a door swiftly shut. The slamming door was his first awareness that he was being monitored constantly; his torturers were adjusting his torments to his abilities at avoiding disaster. The prisoner wakes only to realize that he is strapped onto a board and bound by a "surcingle". The word he uses is significant; it can apply to the binding of saddle on a horse, or to the binding of a priest's cassock. He perceived himself as bound like an animal by the belt of a priest, symbolically bound to the demented will of his prison-masters. Far above his bound body, on the ceiling of the chamber, was the figure of Time holding what appeared to be a scythe. Upon closer examination what appeared to be a scythe was a giant, razor sharp pendulum making a slow and deadly descent. One could interpret the figure of Time as the character's realization that his time is running out. I think Poe's introduction of the figure of Time suggests to all of us that we have only the time that is given us.

A Bill for the Minorities

Racial discrimination had been the subject of debate in the congress for a long time. Often times, members of the congress question the extent of efficiency of execution of the law regarding racial discrimination among the citizens of the United States. The minorities (specifically the blacks) were more likely to be isolated from the native whites.The minorities had been somewhat deprived of certain rights which the whites chiefly enjoy. However, this discrimination set between the minorities and the whites had been resolved through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 originally proposed by the late President John F.  Kennedy.The bill was not officially pursued by the mentioned President because of his assassination. His Vice President, Lyndon Johnson who took his place as president, then signed the law (Civil Rights Act of 1964) on July 2, 1964. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 favored most minorities thus giving them equal opportunity in terms of job, education and other services as that of the whites. As stated in the opening paragraph of the bill, it is an Act:â€Å"To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1997).† The law ‘protects individuals against employment discrimination on the basis of race and color as well as national origin, sex, or religion’ (Facts about Race/Color Discrimination, 2002). Rise of the Minorities Equal imposition of rights on employment, education, voting, and other services provided by the State brought the minorities to a r ise. The provision of the 1964 Act brings forth the protection of several classes including ‘race, color, sex, creed, and age’ (The National Archives, archives.gov). President Kennedy’s aim to end discrimination among the people living in the state causes a reverse condition. In order to go behind with the rules set by the law, some institutions are making policies which are basically incline to favor minorities more than the white Americans. This scenario can be reflected in campus premises. Granting of scholarships to students on the basis of financial needs encouraged the diversity of minorities in the school premises to increase (Education, 1990).In addition, since most families belonging to the minority groups received minimal amount of income, the scholarships provided will be in no doubt be granted to their children. Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act deals about the desegration of public education which states that survey concerning the lack of availab ility of â€Å"equal educational opportunities for individuals by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin in public educational institutions at all levels in the United States must be thoroughly conducted and reported (Civil rights Act 1964).† Institutions granting scholarships seem to misapprehend the statement mentioned above. ‘Equal educational opportunities’ should be granted fairly to all individuals not only to few numbers of people thus having this basis is considered as illegal and clearly violates the law. Furthermore, it can be clearly reflected that minorities were the most favored in this scenario. The scenario in the learning place proves that the civil rights act of 1964 was indeed the most far-reaching and effective piece of legislation regarding minorities in American history.In an article cited in ‘the 1964 Civil Rights Act to the Present,’ it is said that ‘integration of southern districts was progressing, black co llege students were enrolling in previously white colleges are at a greater rate. ’ Thus, such integration provided both the minorities and the whites to have equal access to sophisticated facilities and obtain same degree of education. Minorities also benefited in terms of employment upon the approval of the bill. Discrimination in hiring personnel for a job was completely eliminated.The law addresses employers to set aside factors including race, gender, sex, etc in hiring, promotion as well as termination of individuals in the job. Even in the political arena, the minorities had gained their right to be elected. Some of the African Americans who were elected as public officers were Edward Brooke, Carl Stokes, Douglas Wilder and Gen. Colin Powell (The 1964 Civil Rights Act to the Present). Conclusion Truly, the Civil Rights Act pioneered by the late President John F. Kennedy marks a change in the American society.Most of the minorities at present times are enjoying privileg es which they were deprived before. The integration between the whites and the minorities resulted in the success of a number of blacks in the facets of business, education, government and other fields. The affirmative action taken into account by policy makers put an end on the severe discrimination experienced by the minorities. However, this change in the American society also opens the idea of reverse discrimination between the whites and the non-whites.The imposition of the equal rights between the two classes had advance the liberty of the minorities but in contrary infringe the liberty of the whites. Racial discrimination must be looked at in both ways. It is unjust to only consider the minorities as the victims of discrimination and is being deprive of certain rights. As for what is happening at present times, it can be reflected that the aim of the proponents of the bill to end discrimination was somehow ineffective.The law seems to focus its eyes to the protection of the m inorities while concerns regarding the whites had been somewhat taken for granted thus, equality between the two classes should be fairly treated and address in the congress. Work Cited EEOC, US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (1997, January 15). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://www. eeoc. gov/policy/vii. html. The National Archives, archives. gov. Teaching with Documents: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://www. archives. gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/. Historical documents. com. Civil Rights Act (1964). Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://www. historicaldocuments. com/CivilRightsAct1964. htm. The 1964 Civil Rights Act to the Present. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/history/A0858852. html. The New York Times. (2008, May 25) Education. Retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9 C0CE7D8133FF930A25751C1A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. .