Joseph Conrad Essay

Joseph Conrad was born Joseph Teodor Konrad Korzenioski in 1857 in Berdichev, Ukraine. He officially changed his name to Joseph Conrad in 1886, when he became a British citizen (Liukkonen). Although Conrad discouraged people from interpreting his literature through analysis his life, his life did shape his writing. Much of his anti-imperialistic views could have sprouted in childhood, when he was under the rule of Russians the Ukraine. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was arrested for suspicious involvement in revolutionary activities (online-literature). Apollo spent much time writing plays and social satires. Although his works were not well known, they gave Joseph an early appreciation for literature. Apollo died of tuberculosis in 1869; four years the same disease claimed his wife, Conrad’s mother. Joseph, only 11, was sent to live with his uncle in Switzerland (online-literature). He went to school for a few years before convincing his uncle to let him go to sea in the mid 1870’s. In that decade he made three trips to the West Indies as an apprentice on a French merchant ship. He continued his career for 16 years on British ships, slowly rising in rank from common seaman to first mate. By 1886 Conrad held the command of his own ship, Otago. Heart of Darkness is based on his four month journey through the Congo in 1890 (Liukkonen). Years of work at sea gave him back problems from which he never recovered, and a unique, if ugly, view of the world. In an 1897 letter he explained his view: â€Å"What makes mankind tragic is not that they are victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. To be part of the animal kingdom under the conditions of this earth is very well – but as soon as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, the strife, the tragedy begins (Liukkonen).† In 1894, at the age of 36, Conrad gave up the sea life to focus on writing. He had started to care more about writing five years earlier, and carried a journal on his journey into the Congo which served as inspiration for Heart of Darkness (classic notes). When his uncle died, he left Joseph with enough money to live comfortably while he got started in literature. His first novel, Almayer’s Folly, was published in 1895. Charlie Marlow, the protagonist in Heart of Darkness first appears in Lord Jim, as the narrator. The novel is based loosely on the true story of a British steamship which, after springing a leak, was abandoned by her crew, leaving Muslim pilgrims aboard (Liukkonen). The protagonist, Jim, is one of the British officers who abandoned the ship. Conrad married an Englishwoman named Jessie George in 1896 and moved to Ashford, Kent, where he resided until he died of a heart attack in 1924. He was an influential, yet humble English author. He declined honorary degrees from five universities, and shortly before his death he refused an offer of knighthood (Liukkonen) . Joseph Conrad’s works were published years after his death. In 1983 a collection of letters and a diary of his experience in the Congo was published in five volumes. Conrad’s influence is seen in an array of acclaimed literature, including the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and T.S. Eliot (online-literature).

The George Lopez Show

The show stars George Lopez as manager of Powers Brothers Aviation (originally Powers & Sons Aviation), an airplane parts factory. He is married to Angie Palmero (Constance Marie) and has two outgoing children, Max and Carmen (Luis Armand Garcia and Masiela Lusha). They all live together in Los Angeles, California. George had a difficult childhood. He was abandoned by his father, Manny, and further mistreated and traumatized by a careless, abusive, chain smoking, alcoholic mother, Benita â€Å"Benny† Lopez (Belita Moreno). She usually criticizes Angie's cooking and parenting skills.George and Benny's adult relationship mainly consists of the two of them trading insults about each other, mainly referring to George's childhood (one example being how George was forced to eat a chair because Benny did not feed him). They appear to care for each other, and George has admitted his feelings for Benny in some episodes. Benny works at Powers Brothers Aviation, as does George's best friend, Ernesto â€Å"Ernie† Cardenas (Valente Rodriguez), who is mostly luckless in the dating arena and still lives with his mother. George's father-in-law, Dr.Victor â€Å"Vic† Palmero (Emiliano Diez), thinks Angie should have married someone better than George, but as the series progresses, he begins to respect and accept him. George always tries to catch his children getting in trouble when they misbehave, whether it be by confronting them straight on, or sneakily investigating, then punishing them later. It is still always shown that George loves and cares deeply for his family, even though in one episode he said that his kids were definitely in the top 5, and he would sometimes insult Angie.

Black Studies The Black Experience In Southern California Essay

Black Studies The Black Experience In Southern California - Essay Example His book traces the development of society in Los Angeles following the war. The city was vibrant with economic activity and cultural diversity. Avila narrates the city’s cultural history from the end of the war till the seventies when immigrants from the rest of America and indeed the world flooded into LA to share in the potential economic boom of the time. This immigrant population brought with them their cultural baggage of various ethnic and racial identities. They included whites who formed the dominant part of the mix and it was they who defined the whiteness of the city. Better educated with a history of previous employment, the white population were able to secure well-paid jobs with benefits and incentives. They soon formed the dominant race and established its ‘whiteness’ interspersed with a mix of various ethnic and racial cultures. Avila explores the subsequent interactions between popular culture, suburbanization of whites and the exodus of cultures from middle and Eastern America to the West. He explains the social and spatial consequences of this cultural shift alongside other notable events that occurred during the period. He attributes some key events such as the Brooklyn Dodgers move to Los Angeles, the setting up of Disneyland and the building of the Californian freeways, to the drastic reorganization of urban spatial zones and the redistribution of ethnic and racial minorities in the city. Many of the minority groups, amid political turmoil and much opposition were forced to shift to other areas to make way for construction of the new stadium and the freeways. Marginal neighbourhoods faced the threat of destruction and those that were bypassed ran into neglect. Although residents attempted to halt the construction of the Californian freeways and the stadium they efforts were ultimately futile. Political policies during the period attempted to zero in on the white hot spots interspersed in non-white neighbourhoods, ignoring the significance of the racial population. Over several decades as outer towns and towns within the immediate vicinity of LA, became encapsulated with the larger city, the city leaders tended to segregate the city, demarcate it according to the racial mix existing in those areas. Locales that were more developed or affluent gained more attention and investment than the areas that seemed to show less potential. Due to the political neglect, the underdeveloped neighbourhoods became infested with all kinds of crime and misdemeanour. Less job opportunities and lack of focus on education in schools, poorly paid teachers, shifting of professionals to more affluent parts, all contributed to the rise in crime. The consequence of this was that the underprivileged in ethnic and racial communities, fell prey to lawlessness. The blacks resorted to criminal violence , robbery and murder as a means to maintain their livelihoods. A culture of violence spread through the city and grew rise to gangs. Involvement with drugs and other illegal activities also became a means to an end. This brought about the image of crime to be associated with blacks. Further reinforcement came about through the depiction of crime in television and film and many of the instigators of violence were shown to be black. Avila makes the point of how television and fi

Immigration and Asylum Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Immigration and Asylum Law - Coursework Example This is usually genuine as those who do so follow the stipulated rules and procedures. On the other hand; asylum is the movement of people from their land to another country for the sake of security and seeking for refuge (Mabbutt, 2011 P. 15). The asylum law is the protection granted to aliens who cannot return to their homeland according to the free online dictionary. The government’s efforts to curb immigration Immigration remains a major issue across all sectors, including business, universities and wider society. The governments always try to curb this issue through various ways. The former labor government introduced several measures to regulate immigration through the borders, citizenship, and immigration act (Amnesty, 2006 P. 17 ). It initiated new requirements for those seeking citizenship, including a condition for having been in employment for three consecutive years (Euroasylum, 2007 P. 277). It also introduced citizenship tests and tightened up regulations on over seas students. Though the labor government adopted some measures to control immigration, these controls seemed to be ineffective as there was unlimited migration which greatly placed unacceptable pressures on public service (Commitee, 2008 P. 205). The aim of conservative party in controlling immigration The conservative government has declared that it is their aim to taking action to tackling immigration by reducing the level of net immigration to sustainable levels down from the hundreds of thousands to the tens of thousands within the lifetime of its parliament. They have laid down a strategic plan which they are going to use in order to achieve this objective (Population, 2011 P. 70). The conservative party aims to achieve this through a two stage process: Conservative party immigration policy: (Mabbutt, 2011 P. 27 ). The first stage is making eligible for admission those who will benefit the economy. The second stage is an annual limit to control the numbers admitted with regar d to the wider effects on society and the provision of public services (Vision, 2008 P. 105). The conservative government also aims to apply the transitional controls in the future for all EU entrants To enforce such controls and to prevent illegal; immigration and to combat criminals who compromise their security, they will need a new, integrated approach to managing their borders. They thus introduce a dedicated border police force to bring together all the agencies responsible for border control (Currency, 2010 P. 75). The police force will have the power to stop, search, detain and prosecute the terrorist, traffickers and illegal immigrants who currently slip through the net .only then will be able to start making Britain safer. We have introduced the first ever cap on the number of non-EU economic migrants admitted into the UK to live and work. We have clamped down on abuses of the student visa route – the largest single immigration route and one which experienced widesp read abuse (UNDP, 2010 P.77). We are considering how to reform the family visa route and will soon take action to do so. We will end the link between temporary routes and permanent settlement. We have ended the detention of children for immigration purposes. We will create a dedicated Border Police Force, as part of the new National Crime Agency, to enhance national security, improve immigration controls and crack down on the trafficking of

Comparing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Comparing - Essay Example They argue for urgent international agreements on limiting such publications and making the requirement of such verifiable data in publications restricted to the higher authorities. The arguments sound valid, since it refers to the possibilities of mass destruction if such data ends up in the wrong hands. History has taught us that this could be the case, if proper precautionary measures are not taken. Ray Kurzweil’s talk titled ‘The Coming Singularity’ deals with a similar topic. He reflects on the possibility of the reverse engineering of the human brain. He feels that the pace at which computer technology develops is phenomenal, and in the coming years, there will be machines that are superior to human beings. It won’t be an extra-terrestrial invasion that we will have to deal with in the future, but an invasion that comes of our on inventions that replace the human brain, complete with emotional intelligence. While this may have its good effects, one has to be aware of the downsides too. While computer technology grows exponentially, the possibilities of its related fields, like biotechnology misusing the developments to re-create a genome of a deadly virus and to use it as part of bio-terror exists. There has to be a system in place to fight any such possibilities, the way the software viruses are fought

Assessment on the Effectiveness of Environmental Management in the UAE Assignment

Assessment on the Effectiveness of Environmental Management in the UAE - Assignment Example Being another fundamental element of the â€Å"Right of Environment†, in UAE, the people/citizens, whether directly impacted or not from any environmental nuisances/problems, have the possibility to ask the relevant public authorities to stop the problem and also to open a case at the courts demanding the prevention/stopping the environmental nuisances. This possibility plays an effective role for the protection and enhancement of the environmental quality in UAE. Just like any other problems and disturbances, people have the right to report and question why an environmental issue is not being corrected. If they do not get help, the citizens can use the legal channels or courts to have the problems sorted out. If the concept of â€Å"aim† is to be defined as the â€Å"idealistic end-points† to be achieved/reached and the concept of â€Å"objective/target† is the quantifiable/measurable/concrete end-point† to be achieved/reached in numerical terms, then it can be stated that the aims and the objectives/targets of environment management of emirates and municipalities are determined in UAE. â€Å"The command and control strategy† including the functions of â€Å"enforcement of environmental rules and norms† and also â€Å"compliance management† by the federal government has been effectively regulated and put into implementation in UAE. â€Å"The command and control strategy† including the functions of â€Å"enforcement of environmental rules and norms† and also â€Å"compliance management† by the emirates has been effectively regulated and put into implementation in UAE. The other important environmental management strategy, â€Å"voluntary compliance strategy† (such as â€Å"the British Standard 7750†, â€Å"Eco-Management and Auditing Regulation† of the EU) has been regulated and put into implementation in UAE. â€Å"The Economic and Financial Tools of Environmental

Exploring Refugees religion continuity and change Essay

Exploring Refugees religion continuity and change - Essay Example She motivated me to participate on local and international events. I consider myself a lucky woman because I had the chance to come to the United States and experience the richness of the culture and knowledge. I was blessed to meet fantastic people who I learned something from each one of them. Through my study in University of Delaware, I have had the honor of taking many inspiring classes taught by intelligent, passionate, and caring professors, and I learned many things through my discussion with my friends and colleagues whom I had classes. During the past three years, my family and friends contributions were very essential on my emotional support. I could not have done any of this without their support, prayers, encouragement, and advices that helped me through stress and confusion. In addition, I am truly thankful for my friend Saied who encouraged me through tough time, and who was always there for me. He made sure to take care of my health problem, and volunteered to drive me for conducting the interviews. I would like to thank all the individuals who agreed to be interviewed. I greatly appreciate their hospitality to invite me to their houses, giving me their time, and speaking freely about their religion, rituals, challenges, and hopes. They gave me the opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of their lives. It is my hope that this research project help to promote a better image about Muslims, and that American gain better understanding for Muslim families. 24 I follow the same rituals same as back home. For example, I only eat halal food where we buy a whole slaughtered sheep and we keep it in the freezer. Also, I do not shake men’s hands, and people know I am a Muslim and these things are forbidden. (H, 39, 131) 60 The studies of Arab Muslim refugees in the United States are just in the beginning; research is needed on wellbeing of families. Refugees have more challenges than many other immigrants because of what they have experienced

Assignment (training and development ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment (training and development ) - Essay Example he human resource management must have an appropriate evaluation design that will give an elaborate indication on the training outcome (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). An elaborate data collection design can determine the conclusions made from a training and development program. A collection design compares a trained person to an untrained person or the same individual prior and after the training process. Equally, a trained person can be compared to a set standard of training. When the collection design does not compare a trained person to an untrained person, it forms a non-experimental design. When a trained person is compared to an untrained person in a randomized manner, it is an experimental design. Moreover, when the comparison is made with an untrained person in a non-random manner, it forms the quasi-experiment design (Lou, Duever, & Budman, 2004). Experimental collection design for training evaluation offers the best design to use in the determination of the training outcome. The design offers a stronger link between the training outcome and the learning process. Experimental training design can evaluate that the training process led to a change in behavior. As much as the design may be difficult to implement, it avails accurate information needed for organizational growth (Arthur et al., 2003). Arthur, W., Bennett, W., Edens, P. S., & Bell, S. T. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: a meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88,

World History - Julius Caesar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World History - Julius Caesar - Essay Example Great as a general, great as a politician, great as a far seeing statesman, great as an orator, great as an historian and a man of letters---Julius Caesar does indeed, as Shakespeare makes Cassius so grudgingly avow, ‘bestride the narrow world like a colossus.† (Canning, 2005) Born in July 102 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar belonged to a highly prominent Julian family lineage, which sought its roots in the royal, aristocratic and divine ancestry. But even then he had natural tendencies towards democratic state of government since his early youth. His family set up and relations also paved the way towards his attachment with the democratic Popular Party, where his aunt had got married to the party leader Marius. Julius also married Cinna’s daughter, another popular leader of the same party, which created lots of problems for the young Julius, because the political rival of both Marius and Cinna i.e. Sulla had obtained the reigns of the government, who forced Julius divorce his wife, but he managed to escape rather deserting his wife and leaving her in the lurch. The Roman government of Caesarian era had been under the unabated influence of the Roman gods and goddesses; it is why the public used to expect the same performances and heroic deeds from their military personnel and the young individuals. Hence, the Rome of Julius Caesar had been clouded with military expeditions and adventures, and a successful military commander was adored by the people of his times. It is therefore as a shrewd and intelligent young man, Julius rightly viewed that performing something extraordinary during his military career might win popularity and recognition for him. By 81 B.C. he joined the Roman army during its campaign against the King of Pontus named Mithridates. It was perhaps the heavenly-blessed opportunity for Julius to display his gallant deeds, at the moment when he saved one of his comrades at the

Theme park science Essay Example for Free

Theme park science Essay Core content and depth of coverage will vary between groups This unit is based around Chapters 5, 6, 10 Science. World 1 Amusement Park Rides Types Safety Pushes and Pulls Forces around you Friction The pull of gravity Energy What is energy? Forms of energy Energy comes – energy goes How things work Simple machines Pulleys and gears Electrical things Lab Report Writing (Genre of the Report) Handling materials safely Hypothesising Looking for patterns and meaning Seeking reasons Performing experiments – using a microscope Engaging with problems Predicting Observing Participating Applying ideas and contexts. Drawing conclusions Generalising Making links Creating diagrams, tables and graphs Using scientific terminology Describing Discussing Inferring Assessment Assignment:: Making a Rollercoaster (due week 6) Exam (week 7) Experiment write-up: Levers (week 8) TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES No OF LESSONS CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES TEXT / RESOURCES WEEK 1 Amusement Parks 1 1 1 INTRODUCTION TO UNIT Outline term work and assessments (form groups) Brainstorm – What makes for a good ride at the fair or an amusement park? Brainstorm – What do we need to study in order to design an amusement park ride? Types Of Amusement Park Rides. Parts of a ride – hills, loops etc. ENERGY Energy – brainstorming. What is energy? Measuring energy (Joules) Forms of Energy: Kinetic, Potential, Elastic, Chemical, Nuclear, Sound, Heat, Light, Electrical. EXPERIMENT Teacher choice/work stations Kinetic energy Potential energy Gravitational energy Elastic energy Heat energy Sound energy Write notes Concept map Butchers paper activity Demos: Eg. Newton’s Cradle, Burning candle Experiment Internet Science World 1 pg102 107 Science 8 pages 203 -215 WEEK 2 Energy conversions Transfers 1 1 1 ENERGY CHANGES What is an energy change? Law of conservation. Waste energy Rollercoaster – change of energy FORCES Brainstorming what constitutes a force Types of forces (contact non-contact) Direction and strength of forces. Motion (Newton’s 2nd Law) EXPERIMENT Effects of a force Measuring forces Link to Lift Hills (pdf) Worksheets Notes Exercises pg 110-111 Notes Activity p81. Exercises 1-5 pg87 Experiment Experiment Science World 1 pg107-108, 113, 114 Science World 1 Science 8 Page 196 Science World 1 pg86 PDF – Designing A rollercoaster WEEK 3 Forces 1 1 1 FORCES Balanced and unbalanced forces (Newton’s 3rd Law), link to Bumper Cars How is speed different to velocity? Question: You are a passenger in a car that is turning left and you find yourself thrown against the door to your right. Is there a force pushing you toward the door? Inertia EXPERIMENT Inertia – Plasticine man (Newton’s 1st Law) VIDEO Ultimate Thrill Rides Discuss assignment in detail Activity: Chinese get-ups, tug-of-war Celtic wrestling Role-play being on a rollercoaster. Exercises 6-9 pg 88 Worksheet Discussion Question Worksheet Handout Science World 1 Handout Handout WEEK 4 Friction 1 1 1 FRICTION â€Å"What is friction? † Friction in every day life. Reducing friction. Prepare write-up for experiment next lesson. EXPERIMENT Measuring Friction. In class write-up GRAVITY ACCELERATION The pull of gravity. Difference between mass weight. Is gravity a force or acceleration? Lift hills (information needed) Exercises p92-93. Activity 3, p 94 Experiment 2 â€Å"Measuring Friction† pp89-90. (PASCO for extension). Exercises p96-97 Science World 1 Science World 1 Science World 1 Internet WEEK 5 Amusement Park Science 3 AMUSEMENT PARK SCIENCE Design process of rollercoasters Themes / Story What forms of Safety are there? Working in groups on assignment Research and writing task (in note pad). Internet WEEK 6 Assignment Revision 1 2 PRESENTATIONS Students to demonstrate rollercoaster Demo Pasco Rollercoaster or video Theme Park Physics. REVISION Presentation WEEK 7 Simple Machines 1 1 1 EXAM (Chapter 5 6) INTRODUCTION. Types of simple machines VIDEO Simple machines LEVERS Levers (1st, 2nd, 3rd order) Mechanical advantage Ch 10 Concept map Worksheets Worksheets Exercises pp 202-203 Science World 1 Clickview Science World 1 WEEK 8 Pulleys Gears 1 1 1 EXPERIMENT â€Å"Levers† – WRITE UP PULLEYS GEARS Types of pulleys Gear ratios. Prepare write-up for experiment next lesson. EXPERIMENT. Demonstration of set up Investigating Pulleys. In-class write-up. Experiment Notes Exercises pg210 Experiment 4 â€Å"Investigating Pulleys† pp. 204-205 Science 8 pg381 393 Science World 1 pg204-207 WEEK 9 Simple Machines 1 1 1 OTHER SIMPLE MACHINES Inclined planes Wedges Screws Wheel axles EXPERIMENT Other simple machines – teachers choice ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Electrical circuits. Circuit diagrams Series and parallel circuits Text exercises pg202 203 Notes Text Exercises pg 195-196 Science World 1 Science World 1 pg190-193 WEEK 10 Electrical Circuits 3 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Experiments. Internet activities Experiment 2 â€Å"Series and Parallel Circuits† pp. 193-194 Science World 1 This is an overview of the assessment; so you can introduce the process in your first lesson. The final assessment piece will be completed for you by week 2. Assignment: Students are to Explain the design process – measure the distance and time. Explain the features of the ride and put where they are there (eg: why lift hill first) Discuss the modifications made during the design process – why parts didn’t work; what needed to change Diagram of track layout and theme of ride (including safety features).

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay

How A Sniper Gun Works Criminology Essay ONE SHOT ONE KILL is how Sniper Gun works. The term Sniper was first used in 1824 in the sense of word Sharpshooter. The main purpose of this gun is to destroy valuable targets at extended range. In most of the cases, target means human beings (enemy soldiers, armed terrorists and criminals). The range of such weapon is between 100 to 1000 meters and it is especially used in military and special operations. Basically there are three types of sniper rifles: Military, Police/Law Enforcement and Special Task Sniper Rifles. Some of the best Snipers in world are M24, USA; Dragunav SVD, Russian; Heckler and Koch XM-8, Germany and Vidhwansak AMR, Indian. Main objective of this review is to provide an insight about types of sniper guns, their construction, mechanism and how we can make them better using Laser, Infra red, GPS system, Sniper detectors and Laser guided bullets to make sniper a complete solution for Army. Introduction It has been hundred years now and Sniper is still the favorite toy of Army. This is because of the design and capabilities of this weapon system and specialized scopes, butt stocks and bipod arrangements making sniper more dangerous. However, proper training and experience can differentiate sniper from true sharp shooter men. Sniper is now the ultimate finisher, a true modern-day ninja which makes its own way few miles away. Sniper rifles come in a powerful array of automatic and bolt-action styles and makes. Most of the snipers are modified with specialized telescopic sights offering the best in accuracy-inducing ergonomics. Sniper rifles have more recently been fielded in the highly-lethal point fifty calibers round which is capable of penetrating engine blocks and can left the human bodies covered in body armor. It is the best soldier as it has unique advanced in recoil, specialized ammunition and highly technical sight. Usually have this image of a sniper working alone behind ene my lines, a sniper is only made better by the use of a spotter and together they make a sniper team following the target through his own scope and calling out adjustments in trajectory and wind age as needed. This working in unison provides a most powerful and lethally hidden element to any war. Consequently, it does not take too much experience to be trained in being a sniper type element on the opposite side. It then becomes a case of the hunter becoming the hunted [1]. History of Sniper Use of Sniper goes back to as early as Sixteenth Century; snipers first victim was Takeda Shingen in Japan. In Britain Sir Lord Brooke, senior parliamentarian was killed during English Civil War by sniper. Similarly this weapon was also used in American War OF Revolution. The first Rifle Regiments was formed by British Army during Napoleonic War. Use of such weapon than started becoming the need of army as it was highly accurate and was modified easily according to its need. During American Civil War US Sharp shooters who were trained under Colonel Hiram Berdnam killed more enemy than any other Union Army with their point fifty two caliber sniper rifle. In the same war Sg.Ben Powell sniped Major General John Sedgwick at a distance of 798 yd during battle of Spotsylvania Court House. This weapon was then used for assassinations due to its high range aim by criminals. Twentieth century changed the outlook of sniper. These guns were the main weapons in WORLD WAR I and II. Junior Lieuten ant Vasily Zaytsev (World War II) credited of killing 225 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad. Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock has achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to also have over 200 unconfirmed kills in Vietnam War. He held the record of longest confirmed kill at a distance of 2,250  m (2,460  yd) (made with a scoped M2 Browning machine gun) for 35 years until 2002. Canadian soldier Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) holds the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430  m (2,657  yd) using a point fifty caliber (12.7  mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle. Boon of science and technology has changed the outlook of Military Weapons and these weapons are transforming to new level by every birth [2, 3]. Basic Construction Main parts of sniper gun Main parts of sniper gun are: Barrel and Receiver Bolt with Bolt Support Safety Lever Assembly Magazine Butt Upper Band Assembly Hand Guard L.H.Assembly Hand Guard R.H.Assembly Sight Leaf Assembly Front-Sight Base and Body Assembly These can be further divide into various parts which are shown in Figure 1 and enlisted in Table 1 [4]. Figure.1 Table 1: Various parts of sniper gun Sr no Components Sr no Components 1 Bolt Support 21 Front Sight Body 2 Firing Pin 22 Front 3 Cover 23 Pusher 4 Guiding Rod 24 Front Sight Base 5 Guiding Bushing 25 Barrel 6 Bolt 26 Upper Band Assembly 7 Extractor Pin 27 Band Axle Pin 8 Firing Pin Stud 28 Oil Seal Assembly 9 Extractor Spring 29 Hand Guard 10 Extractor 30 Upper Band with Spring 11 Return Spring 31 Magazine Body Assembly 12 Sight Leaf Slide 32 Magazine Spring 13 Sight Leaf 33 Magazine Cover 14 Hand Guard, L.H 34 Sight Leaf Assembly 15 Pusher Spring 35 Follower 16 Gas Tube Latch 36 Receiver 17 Gas Chamber 37 Accidental Shot Safety Device 18 Gas Piston 38 Firing Trigger Mechanism 19 Gas Tube 39 Cover Axle Pin 20 Gas Regulator 40 Butt Assembly MECHANISM OF WORKING Sniper mainly works on the following mechanism: a. Firing and Trigger Mechanism b. Cover and Retracting Mechanism Working of Sniper is very simple and basic; it is a self reloading weapon. This reloading depends upon the energy obtained from powder gas which arc channeled from barrel bore to piston gas. Upon firing, a certain amount of the powder gases following the bullet flows through the port in the barrel bore wall into the gas chamber, exerts pressure upon the front wall of the gas piston and throws back the piston with pusher and, consequently, the bolt support into the rearward position. As the bolt support travels rearward, the bolt opens the barrel bore; the Cartridge case gets removed from the cartridge chamber and ejected out of the receiver. The bolt support compresses the return springs and cocks the hammer; i.e. engages it with the auto-safety cocking cam. The bolt support and the bolt return to the front position under the action of the retracting mechanism; as a result, the bolt feeds the next cartridge from the magazine into the cartridge chamber and closes the barrel bore, whil e the bolt support disengages the auto-safety sear from the hammer. The hammer gets cocked. The bolt gets locked, after it has been turned to the left and its locking lugs engaged with recesses of the receiver. To fire a shot, it is necessary to release the trigger and press it anew. After the trigger has been released, the rod modes forward and its hook engage the sear and, if pressed, the rod hook turns the sear and disengages it from the hammer cocking cam. The hammer actuated by the mainspring turns round its pin and strikes the firing pin. The latter travels forward and impinges the primer. Thus, a shot is fired. With the last cartridge fired and the bolt returned to the rearward position, the magazine follower lifts the bolt catch; the latter engages the bolt to stop the bolt support in the rearward position. Thus, it is necessary to load the rifle anew. The rifle has a gas regulator, which serves to change recoil speeds of moving parts. Under conditions of proper servicing with the parts lubricated, the gas regulator is set at division a. On firing during a long time without cleaning and lubricating and heavy soiling of the rifle, stoppage may occur incomplete recoil of the moving parts. In this case the regulator is set at division. b. To change the regulator from one positions to another use the rim of the cartridge case or the cartridge [4]. PRESENT SENARIO OF SNIPER Science and Technology has lead to the development of new prototype advance weapon system. Some of the best snipers with their specifications in the world are given in Table 2. Table 2: Comparison of different types of Sniper guns [5-58]. Name Of Sniper Gun Type In Service Variants Weight Action Effective Range Feed System Istiglal Anti-Material Rifle(5-13) Anti-materiel rifle 2008-present 12.7x108mm 44.0 lbs (20.0 kg) Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 3,000  m (9,843  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine FAMAE FD-200(14) Designated Marksman Rifle 2000-present NA 5.10  kg Gas operated 800 m SIG 542 compatible magazines 7.62 Tkiv 85 (15) Sniper rifle 1984-present NA 7  kg (15.4  lb) Bolt action 800  m (875  yd) 5-round magazine, loaded with 5-round charger clips Accuracy International Arctic Warfare (16) Sniper rifle 1982-present NA 6.5  kg (14.3  lb) Bolt-action 850  m/s (2,790  ft/s) 10-round detachable box magazine Accuracy International AS50(16) Anti-materiel rifle, Sniper rifle 2006-present 1 AS50 27 lb (12.2 kg) Direct impingement 1,500 m 5 or 10 round detachable box JNG-90 (17-20) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA NA Rotating bolt 1000 m NA KNT-308(21) Sniper rifle 2008-presnt NA NA bolt action 1000+ m 5-round detachable box AMP Technical Services DSR-1(23-27) Bolt action rifle 2000-presnet DSR-1 Subsonic (7.62x51mm NATO) 5.9  kg (unloaded) without scope) Bolt-action 800  m -875  yd 5 round detachable box magazine Brà ¼gger Thomet APR(28) Sniper rifle 2005-present APR308P, APR308S, APR338 7.1-8.2kg Bolt-action, manually operated 1000-1038 yd 10-round detachable box magazine Armalite AR-50(29) Bolt action rifle 1997-1999 Armalite AR-30 (smaller caliber) 15.5kg Bolt action NA 1 bullet AWC G2 (30-31) Sniper Rifle 1990s-present G2, G2A, G2FA NA Gas-Operated, rotating bolt NA 20 round magazines Barrett M82 (32) Anti-materiel rifle 1989-present M82A1, M82A1A, M82A1M, M82A2, M82A3, M107 13.5-14kg Recoil-operated, rotating bolt 1,800  m (5,906  ft) 10-round detachable box magazine Blaser 93 Tactical (33) Sniper rifle 1993-present Blaser LRS 2 Blaser Tactical 2 5kg Bolt action NA 5-rounds detachable box magazine Bor rifle (34) Sniper rifle 2007-present Alex Tactical Sport Alex-338 6.1kg Bolt- action 800m 10-round detachable box magazine CheyTac Intervention (35) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 14kg Turn bolt 2000m 7-round detachable box CZ 700 sniper rifle(36) Sniper rifle NA 6.2kg Bolt Action NA 10-round detachable box C3A1 (37-39) Sniper rifle 1972-2003 NA 7.2kg Manually operated bolt action 800m 5 round detachable box Timberwolf (40) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 7.1kg Manually operated bolt action 1500m 5 round detachable box Desert Tactical Arms Stealth Recon Scout(41) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 5.2-5.6kg Bolt action NA 5-7 round detachable box WKW Wilk(42) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 16.1kg Manually operated rotary bolt action 3000m 7 round detachable box VKS Sniper(43) Sniper rifle 2002-present NA 7kg NA 600m 5 round detachable box United States Marine Corps Designated Marksman Rifle(44) Sniper rifle 2001-present NA 4.0-4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600-800m 5,10, and 20 round detachable box United States Navy Mark 12 Mod X Special Purpose Rifle(45-47) Sniper rifle 2002-present 4.5kg Gas operated, rotating bolt. Semi automatic 600 yards 20 or 30 round STANAG magazine United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (48) Sniper rifle 2004-present NA 4.5kg Gas-operated (direct impingement) 660yard 20 or 30 detachable box T93 sniper rifle(49) Sniper rifle 2005-present NA 5kg Bolt action Over 800m 5 round internal magazine M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System (50-52) Sniper rifle 2008-present NA 6.5kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt 1000m 10 or 20 detachable box Heckler Koch HK417 (53) Battle rifle NA Assaulter Recce (16 barrel standard and accurized) Sniper (20 barrel accurized 3.87-4.23kg Gas-operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20 detachable box FN Special Police Rifle (54) Sniper rifle 2004-present A1, A1a, A2, A4, A3 G, A5 M 4.9-7.5kg Bolt action NA 7.6251 mm (.308 Winchester):4-round detachable box magazine or 5-round internal box magazine .300 Winchester Short Magnum: 3-round internal box magazine Dragunov SVU (55) Sniper rifle 1994-present SVU-A 3.6kg Gas operated, rotating bolt NA 10 or 20-round detachable box magazine Vidhwansak Anti Material0 Rifle (56-57) Anti-material rifle 2007-present NA 25kg Manual bolt action 1800m Magazine ADVANCEMENTS IN SNIPER Sniper Location Gunshot Detection Systems Snipers have become the second greatest cause of fatalities in combat in present wars. Troops are often most vulnerable in stationary environments, such as when on perimeter or a Forward Operation Base (FOB). Until recently, sniper detection and location systems were employed primarily on vehicular and static installations, when manning guard towers, or out at mobile checkpoints. Two versions of gunshot locators were discussed here. Both are being addressed by the US military, in an attempt to improve response effectiveness and reduce vulnerability to attacks by sniper and small arms ambushes. Gunshot locators also improve the war fighters situational understanding in emergency situations, particularly when responding to ambush situations. The Boomerang acoustic shooter detection system was developed by BBN to provide warning over sniper threats. Today, over 1,000 Boomerang systems are operational worldwide and procurement of 8,000 additional systems is currently underway. Initially, the system was installed on vehicles, but the most recent enhancements, a static installation kit and portable system, complements the Boomerang to cover more modes of operation. Boomerang automatically provides immediate indication of hostile fire or sniper attacks and localizes the shooters position, allowing rapid, informed and coordinated response. The system can be installed on an individual vehicle (manned or unmanned), at a checkpoint, or be scaled up for full perimeter security of a forward operating base. The ability to identify insurgent firing locations quickly eliminates random patrol deployments and exposure to unknown hostile fire. (Figure)[58]. The static installation kit is contained in a man-portable package, providing rapid installation in temporary or fixed sites. It is equipped with interfacing, to enable interoperability with remote weapon stations and EO/IR sensors currently fielded in theater. Furthermore, several Boomerang sensors can be integrated and networked, to provide better and more precise coverage of fixed sites. Gunshot alerts can be integrated and presented into situational awareness pictures, such as the Blue Force Tracking. Acoustic processing is not the only solution for gunshot detection. Gunshot signature can be identified, located and processed even faster using electro-optical means. Two Israeli systems are providing such capabilities Rafaels Spotlight M and IAI/Eltas Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) are sensors-based and a Transient Event Detection (TED) system, developed by a new subsidiary called OptigO. They are designed to cover a wide area, triggering an instant alarm and threat location when a si ngle shot is fired [58]. LASER Guided Bullet A small caliber laser-guided bullet having a self-contained guidance system is disclosed including on-board laser sensors and navigational circuits capable of detecting a laser target signature, determining the deviation of the bullet from an optimum projectory along which the bullet would impact a hostile target, and generating an electrical signal to piezo electric steering control surfaces to effect a change in the course of the bullet. The guided bullet utilizes a plurality of symmetrically arranged laser sensor elements which are positioned about a longitudinal axis of the bullet. The laser sensor elements function to transmit optical radiation from the laser target beam to photo detector elements housed within the bullet. The electrical signals from the photo detector elements are then amplified and processed by semiconductor logic circuits to produce the functions required by the steering control surfaces to translate the bullet to the optimum trajectory. Electrical power for the guidance system is provided by a miniature lithium polymer battery which is interconnected with the navigational circuits to produce the functions of the system. The guided bullet is fired from a precision, smooth bore weapon using a conventional expanding gas cartridge and is effective at ranges up to 3,000 meters and beyond. A bullet guidance system for guiding an in-flight bullet along an optimum trajectory along which said bullet would impact a laser identified target, said system comprising: laser beam detecting means contained within said bullet and being capable of receiving laser beam energy reflected from said target and converting said energy to electrical impulses; logic circuit means contained within said bullet having means therein responsive to receipt of said impulses for determining the deviation of said bullet from said optimum trajectory and for generating corrective signals in response to said impulses; steering control means having means therein responsive to said corrective signals in a manner to actuate said steering control means so as to deflect air flow about said bullet, said control means including at least deployable flap means being outwardly extensible from said bullet to deflect air flow about said bullet to impart a correctional momentum to translate said bullet to said optimum trajectory, said bullet being fired from a precision, smooth-bored weapon thereby not imparting axial spin to said bullet in the manner of a rifle; and power supply means contained within said bullet being inter connectable to said logic circuit and said steering control means to provide sufficient electrical power to produce the functions required by said system [59]. 6.3 Next-Generation Cant-Miss Snipers Snipers are already deadly accurate, pinpointing targets from a thousand meters away and more.   But a heavy crosswind can throw off even the surest shot.  This is why the military has started a largely-secret, crash program to build laser gun sights that compensate for the environment giving snipers lethal precision at 2000 meters range, in winds up to 40 miles per hour.   If it works out as planned, Defense Department researchers think the scopes will boost a snipers kill-rate by ten-fold, or more, and let snipers engage and pull the trigger in less than one second. Today, the agency notes, a 10mph wind could produce a miss even at 400 meters while in other cases the deviation could be much worse, exceeding 3 meters at 1200 meters range. The first method (to grossly, grossly oversimplify), is to shoot out a series of thousands of laser pulses, creating a profile of the eddies in the local atmosphere as the light bounces back.   The second involves using use a high-speed cam era to take an image of the target.  The eddies distort the phase of the light in that picture.   The scope, through a series of algorithms, can take those into account for the sniper team. Algorithms for the second approach have already been developed and field tested at University of Marylands Intelligent Optics Laboratory, Pentagon documents show, helping target objects 2300 meters away [60]. Super Sniper: Next Wars Secret Weapon Its probably not the game changing, secret weapon of the war. But it could help win the next one: a stealth sniper scope for invisible assassination.   Battles are increasingly about taking out a few select enemies, not large numbers of foes. Such device allows you to locate, target and kill a subject. Heat haze ordinarily throws off snipers. But SRVS changes heat haze from an obstruction into a means of enhancing the view. An effect called turbulence induced micro lensing means that every instant the heated air acts as a series of lenses; at a given moment you may be able to look right through them and see a magnified view of the scene beyond. The trick is to use digital technology to identify the lucky regions or lucky frames when a clear view appears and assemble them into a complete picture. The end result is a portable device 35 centimeters long and weighing two kilogram with an unprecedented capability. This sniper scope can beat the diffraction limit, which defines the best that any other optical device can do in conditions of severe heat haze, no less. Specifically, the SRVS will be good enough to positively ID individuals at sniping range: a. With an aperture not to exceed 6 cm, demonstrate that full scale facial images meeting ANSI INCITS 385-2004 can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km (representing a 3x improvement over current performance). b. Demonstrate better-than-diffraction-limited super-resolution imaging at a speed of not less than 1 Hz where human subjects moving at 1 m/s can be correctly identified by trained observers (90% correct identification) at a distance of 1 km. The spooky aspect of the SRVS is that even if the target is looking right at you, they wont see a thing because of the heat haze. A sniper using one of these will be a truly invisible assassin, with the ideal technology for picking off high-value targets. The prototype is supposed to be ready for early 2011, with finished units being delivered to Special Operations units in 2011 end. There are currently a number of anti-sniper systems (a.k.a. sniper detection systems, a.k.a. gunfire detection systems) that have been designed and developed for use by military infantry personnel [61]. CONCLUSION Sniper is the term of excellence in the Army. Howitzers accurately fire in excess of 28 kilometers, tanks kill out to four kilometers, helicopters gunship missiles kill out to eight kilometers. The maximum range of infantry small arms engagements, however, has shrunk significantly over the past century. Some of the standard infantry rifles of World Wars I and II had sights that ranged out to more than 2,000 yards (1800 meters), and infantry soldiers trained to engage area targets even out to those ranges. But with the adoption of the smaller caliber, higher velocity .223 bullets as the infantry standard for many nations, the maximum training and hence effective range of infantry small arms has dropped off to 300 meters or less. Such advancements can give rebirth to new definition of Sniper which will change the whole outlook, and rest will be HISTORY. Such sniper will able to detect, blow the target well beyond 3000 meter range and will be most effective in counter terrorism. Thus we can prevent another 26/11- Mumbai attacks and save life of innocents.

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: Discovering Wilde -- Picture Dorian G

Discovering Wilde in The Picture of Dorian Gray  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The Picture of Dorian Gray can be defined as a symbolic representation of a dialectic between two aspects of Wilde's personality. Dorian is an archetypal image by which both aspects are fascinated. This suggests that his behaviour symbolizes Wilde's unconscious (i.e. unacknowledged) attitudes. Dorian is characterized by his evasiveness and his obsession with objets d'art. For example, when Basil comes to console him about Sibyl's death, he is unwilling to discuss the matter. He does not want to admit the possibility that his behaviour was reprehensible. He tells his friend: "If one doesn't talk about a thing, it has never happened. It is simply expression, as Harry says, that gives reality to things" (107). Later, after murdering Basil, he again seeks to avoid acknowledging what he has done: "He felt that the secret of the whole thing was not to realize the situation" (159). Dorian escapes from every unpleasant realization by turning his attention to other things. Unwilling to admit that his actions have moral implications, he seeks refuge in art. On hearing of Sibyl's death, he accepts an invitaton, for that very evening, to go to the opera. He learns to see life only from an aesthetic perspective. He reflects: Form is absolutely essential to it. It should have the dignity of a ceremony, as well as its unreality, and should combine the insincere character of a romantic play with the wit and beauty that makes such plays delightful to us. (142) The consequence of this attitude is that he finds himself increasingly "stepping outside" his experiences in order to observe them from a distance. Instead of living his experiences more intensely, he finds himself o... ...It is worth noting that Wilde wrote of the characters in his only novel: "Basil Hallward is what I think I am: Lord Henry what the world thinks me: Dorian what I would like to be -- in other ages, perhaps" (Letters, 352). Dorian personifies a conflict between Dionysian and Apollonian elements particularly fascinating to his creator. He has a passion for "the colour, the beauty, the joy of life" (40), but avoids becoming involved with any experience for fear of it causing him possible pain. Basil's and Lord Henry's fascination with him represents Wilde's obsession with a young dandy whose evasiveness and pseudo-aestheticism symbolize his own unconscious fears. Works Cited Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray. Ed. Isobel Murray. London: Oxford University Press, 1974. Wilde, Oscar. The Letters of Oscar Wilde. Ed. R. Hart-Davis. London: Hart-Davis, 1962.   

I am the Cheese - Theme :: Free Essay Writer

I am the Cheese - Theme Heroes are not always credited for their honesty and righteousness. This is the view towards society that Robert Cormier exhibits in the novel  ¡Ã‚ §I am the Cheese ¡Ã‚ ¨, where the individual is punished for standing up to himself. In this society, the non-valiant are rewarded for their ignorance and compliance, narrated through the characters of Grey and Whipper. Moreover, Robert Cormier portrays this society to be void of truth and justice. This is seen through exploring the innocence behind Adam ¡Ã‚ ¦s parents ¡Ã‚ ¦ suffering and death. Nevertheless, the author holds reserve for truth and justice when Adam tries to complete the puzzle of his past. The character David Farmer, father of the novel ¡Ã‚ ¦s protagonist, plays the victim of the society in  ¡Ã‚ §I am the cheese. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Through testifying to the truth, he and his family have had their freedom lacerated, and ultimately, have suffered the penalty of death. David Farmer began the case with the belief that  ¡Ã‚ §he would be protected, his identity kept secret. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Although aware of the perilous circumstances and the hazards, his determination to act patriotically prevailed. His powerful motive for his precarious action was that  ¡Ã‚ §he was an old-fashioned citizen who believed in doing the right thing for his country, to provide as much information as possible. ¡Ã‚ ¨ David Farmer was under no obligation to disclose his researched information, and yet chose to take the risk. Clearly, this is an example of an individual standing up to himself, acting accordingly to his own beliefs and values. Nevertheless, David Farmer and his family were punished lethally. E ven the interim between the testimony and his death was a metaphor for a cage, an insecure prison bound for the Never Knows, and yet was always destined for death. The example of the bomb that was planted to detonate the entire family and the  ¡Ã‚ §undercover policeman ¡Ã‚ ¨ whose supposed job was to protect heralded an unending chain of misery. These events introduced Grey, who identified himself to be involved with the US Department of Re-Identification. Grey, who shot the assassin, was the trusting saviour of David Farmer. Grey warned the Farmer family about the car bomb. He distributed new identities for the entire family, produced new birth certificates and arranged a move to Massachusetts. He was the eternal alert watchdog who packed the family away when chances took their position for a Farmer whereabouts leak. Grey had the power to dismiss 3 lives at his will.

Anxiety Disorders :: essays research papers

Anxiety Disorders Anxiety is a feeling of tension associated with a sense of threat of danger when the source of the danger is not known. In comparison, fear is a feeling of tension that is associated with a known source of danger. I believe it is normal for us to have some mild anxiety present in our daily lives. Everyday that I can think of I have some kind of anxiety though out that day. Anxiety warns us and enables us to get ready for the ‘fight or flight’ response. However, heightened anxiety is emotionally painful. It disrupts a person's daily functioning. Anxiety can be seen with several other emotional disorders including the following: Acute Stress Disorder Panic Attack Agoraphobia Phobia Anxiety Disorder Due to Medical Condition Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder Substance-Induced Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder There are many characteristics associated with anxiety. Frequently, people with anxiety experience tightness in their chest, a racing or pounding heart, and a pit in their stomach. Anxiety causes some people to get a headache, to sweat, and even make them have the urge to urinate. Severe anxiety, which can be described as an episode of terror, is referred to as a panic attack. Panic attacks can be extremely frightening. People who experience panic attacks over a prolonged time period may become victims of agoraphobia, which is a psychiatric disorder that is closely associated with the panic disorder. Patients with Agoraphobia avoid certain places or situations such as airplanes, crowded theaters, a grocery store or anyplace from which escape might be difficult. It is said that Agoraphobia can be so severe that it has made certain individuals housebound.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people argue that there is a genetic basis for these anxiety disorders. Research shows that there is strong evidence for a genetic basis for anxiety. If a person has anxiety, more than ten percent of his or her relatives will also suffer form some form of anxiety if not the same form that they have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been found that anxiety disorder affect males and females differently. Females are known to be twice as likely to suffer from anxiety than males. On the other hand, an equal number of males and females are both seen for the treatment of their anxiety.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ages that the people have anxiety attacks vary but, anxiety problems commonly begin when people are in their twenty’s. This is something really great to know when you are only a year a way from being twenty.

Immigration

Immigration is a really big topic that is being discussed by our president and all of our citizens which people have two different views on but,I believe, immigration is a great cause for the United States. Due, to the fact that the United States was built upon immigration from many other countries. I believe that it can create a lot of good if we keep allowing immigrants to become citizens to a certain extent and we should keep it regulated. Immigration has been a part of the United States for years now. According to U.S. Immigration Before 1965 (U.S. Immigration Before 1965),more than two million immigrants have entered the United States in the years of 1880 through 1920.This helped populate the U.S during its beginning years when it was trying to expand and grow as a country. The immigrants who came from other counties in that time came to find religious freedom and find a better life for their families. Our current president wants to build a wall to keep Immigrants out of the US. he does not want immigration to be apart of the US because he believes that they would take our jobs and he believes that most of the people who come to the united states from mexico are all of the felons or people who come to the US to break the US apart and kill people when in reality they all have the same believes that the first immigrants had who came to the US they are coming to the US to start over try and provide for there families and look out for their future kids. Other people in the US believe that they will just come to the US to take our jobs and our money that we can be making when Usually they take jobs that no one would ever take here in the US they take the jobs that most people in the us think is to hard like working in the fields and in factories and other jobs. They also get paid less than minimum wage for doing jobs that people should get paid more for because they are producing our for economy by creating jobs and our produce of fruit and vegetables or anything that is made in a farm is usually grow and picked by these people who are really hard working and are just trying to make a living for there family and themselves. Another reason i believe that immigration would be great for the US is because our economy can benefit greatly if we allow immigrants to become citizens they can generate about 832 billion dollars to our economy in the next ten years which would help the us greatly the US this can help create over 203,000 jobs a year which would help the economy out a lot it would give us more jobs and it would also help the US with the economy because more money would be generated after all those jobs are created. Most immigrants have wanted to come to the US to follow their dreams and do what they can to to support their family and give them a better future in life and just most of the immigrants who came over from mexico are coming from a place where the drug cartel is reigning over there city or state and they are trying to get away from the bad that comes along with it they are trying to stop there kids from getting kidnaped and sold for money those people who are trying to get away from that believe that the US can provide that for them and they believe that they can provide something for the economy too. I am a first generation and have watched my family struggle through all the hardship that they have come across due to the fact that they never had any help from the government when all they are trying to do is help the american government and provide for their kids. In the US there are so many people who are for the legalization of immigration. â€Å"80% of americans surveyed said that they support the pathway to citizenship†(Most Americans support the path to citizenship for illegal immigration) this shows that most people would allow immigrants to become citizens. If 80 % of the people are for it then why does the US not allow them to become citizens. â€Å"72% of these who backed president Trump also support the issue† (Most Americans support the path to citizenship for illegal immigration) Its know that president trump doesn't want to allow immigrants to become citizens but most of his voters have spoken up saying they have no problem with it at all and would allow them to become citizens. Its scary to see that there is a lot of criminals and violence in this world and you as an american would not want that for your country. Yes, the mexican drug cartel has spilled over the us border according to the article (illegal Alien criminals should be removed from the country) and it is scary but not all mexican people are drug dealers or people from the cartel. â€Å"They are families and workers, taking the jobs nobody else wants, staying out of trouble,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (the realities about illegal immigrants in the united states) Most of the immigrants who came to the us came to help support their family in hopes to find a job to help get out of all the dangers in mexico.They left everything behind to risk it all for the american dream to have a good family and have enough money to better there kids futers and get them ready for life. I believe that if we still allow immigration to the United states it can benefit the US a lot im not saying fully legalized but if we monitor it a lot more and and only let a select few people migrate over to the US we wouldn't have to deal with some of the downfalls of the immigration like tax increasing and other things like crime rate going up in the united states because there are some people who are criminals but most of the people who come to the us don't come here for that reason they come to help there family witch i really emphasis because not all immigrants are bad.

Media corruption †other side of the coin Essay

‘Whoever controls the media, controls the mind† In today’s world, the media has become a necessity just like food, clothing, and shelter. The media was ideally designed to be impartial and unbiased – to provide information, news, and knowledge that is objective and socially constructive. Unfortunately, in recent times, because of its money making approach the media has adopted a biased approach that is benefitting politicians and the corporate leaders. Sadly, the media is known to be resorting to â€Å"Paid News† – news that is published or broadcasted to benefit a certain class of people who have huge economic power and who wield that economic power to buy â€Å"The News† in their favor. The viewer’s/readers of such â€Å"Paid News† are at such a loss with this information that lacks integrity and they can be easily misled. Actually the readers/viewers are deceived in to believing â€Å"Paid News† which is indeed misrepresentation of the truth.. Article 19 of the Constitution of India â€Å"Reach to the public† – states the right to freedom of speech and expression to media .When this freedom is misused by the media, it becomes a prime reason for media corruption, and more or less the willingness of Indian Govt. to eradicate this problem. The objective of this paper is to highlight the roots and remedies of media-corruption in India and to create awareness about the general public about the distortion of news/information by the media – to enable viewers to discern, and not be uninformed consumers of the news. Key words: necessary, money making approach, freedom.

End to End

The challenges of using satellites in end-to-end communications links: GEO satellite networks have the potential to provide the end user the ability to receive broadcast and multicast in greater amounts of information at higher rate of speed providing global connectivity anywhere within the footprint of the satellite. On the other hand there are several challenges that are presented when utilizing satellite networks. These challenges are seen by the end user in several different formats; the most common one being in Internet applications.The latency experienced by the end user due to the communication between two earth stations can be significant and often annoying. A tremendous amount of military and government organizations utilize and rely on satellite communications, when that path fails due to blocked areas, lack of available bandwidth or atmospheric interference then this becomes a serious situation and another reason why redundancy and a secondary and tertiary plan is always n eeded.Point to point fiber optic connections can provide a solid backup plan if availability is an option. The latency may not affect bulk data transfer and broadcast type applications, but those applications requiring extensive â€Å"handshaking† between two sites will be undoubtedly affected. TCP which is one of the Internets major protocols requires such interaction. Satellites that can provide the end user with global and broadband communications capacity are also an option but also come with challenges of its own.LEO(low earth orbit) and MEO (medium earth orbit) each are a viable source that provide latency times comparable to that of a terrestrial fiber optics; however because neither can remain in a constant fixed position relative of that of the earth, a constellation of several satellites is required to maintain comprehensive coverage. In this case network management becomes increasingly more complicated due to handoff to another satellite, tracking problems and prop er routing plans. The advantage of a simple topology is no longer a factor and lost is single-source broadcast/multicast capability and brings you back to ground zero.

Nineteenth Century: the Beginning of Modern Europe

Modern Europe started at the opening of the nineteenth century which brought a lot of changes to Europe. The ambition to colonize territory grew stronger in order to support the increasing needs for raw materials. Capitalism abolished feudalism and many Europeans ventured to make a living in the New World. These unrests was the result of the industrial advancements like the introduction of big steam ships and the opening of two major canals that bridged oceans and made traveling efficient. However, unrest was not just felt in Europe but also in the colonies. The opening of the two major canals opened up the colonies to the ideas of the social contract philosophers and these triggered the colonies to seek independence from the mother country. However, the old view of racial superiority and manifest destiny seemed to decline. The slave trade was abolished. However, in nineteenth century Europe, major imperialist still did not desire to get loose of their colonies and the competition to discover and colonize seemed renew. Many battles were fought between countries specifically Britain, France, Spain, Portugal and Germany regarding disputes between territories. Yet, many European statesmen in the nineteenth century had already expressed unwillingness to support further expansion and agreed to ultimately grant liberty to the colony. Moreover, the nineteenth century was also the start where women asserted their right s to suffrage and many privileges that only men held in the past. Nineteenth century was the stage where meaningful transformations in women occurred. Society started to acknowledge the contributions that women brought to the society. Women started to unraveled themselves and freely spoke their ideas unlike in the sixteenth century where women used to employ male names in order to persuade the society to hear their ideas just like the case of the Bronte sister. Moreover, in the nineteenth century, the church became less and less powerful. Church -derived morality were already unpopular. Morality in the nineteenth century appeared to be no longer derived from religious affiliations but to social groups where a person belongs. Science had also improved a lot. Many discoveries further improved the lives of many European. Standardizations of measures were also instituted. The British had claimed the suppose position of the prime meridian were standard time will be calculated. The start of the nineteenth century was also the start of modern Europe. This is the time where totally deviant ideas were observed to have begun, flourished and grew. This is also the time where Europe started to take on new identities and became open to the view of other races.

Biology paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biology paper - Essay Example Human beings are members of the tribe Hominina together with vanishing species of sub-tribe Hominina. Also, Chimpanzees are the only recognized members of the sub-species Panina. The two species of Panina divided about one million years ago. Chimpanzees display very minimal morphological variances between subspecies. They have a more robust body than bonobos Pan paniscus. Additionally, they are faintly sexually dimorphic. On average, females weigh averagely from 32 to 47 kg (70.5 to 104 lb) while males weigh averagely from 40 to 60 kg (88.2 to 132 lb) (Rowe 1996). Both females and males have a typical height of 816 mm (2.68 ft) (Rowe 1996). The chimpanzee taxonomy hierarchy is as follows; Suborder: Haplorrhini Infraorder: Simiiformes Superfamily: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Genus: Pan Species: P. troglodytes Subspecies: P. t. schweinfurthii, P. t. troglodytes, P. t. vellerosus, P. t. verus. This essay discusses on the taxonomy of chimpanzee family and their biography. All Chimpanzees are black in color, but have pale faces and a white tail tuft, which later darkens with age. Chimpanzees are seen to have bulkier thick bodies with long arms that lengthen past their knees (Rowe 1996). They also have short legs, large thumbs and no tails. A large portion of their body is protected with long black hair except their faces, ears, fingers, and toes which have skin alone. These living creatures have protruding ears for both males and females, which entails white beards (Rowe 1996). Their movement array encompasses quadruped knuckle walking and irregular bipedalism. Chimpanzees are both land-dwelling and arboreal, with the quantity of time spent on the ground wavering among different case study sites and between sexes. Moreover, Chimpanzees create their sleeping nests in trees when darkness falls (Rowe 1996). A normal life span of chimpanzees is 40 to 45 years. All the same, the life span for captive chimpanzees is

How does hierarchy within animation and manga production influence the Essay

How does hierarchy within animation and manga production influence the contents and stories of manga and anime - Essay Example During that time, the word manga was used to describe drawings. The present form of manga originated from America during the times of comic trips in the beginning of the 20th century (Schodt 1996: 22). Japan saw a big difference and impact of the American culture with amusing books and films being brought to entertain the occupation forces. After the World War II, new artist in the animation are sprouted in japan. These artists changed the manga rebranded it to new style to help television animation in Japan. Tekeza –artists- initially influenced by the Disney animations created a popular manga that was appealing to all ages. They created a broad variety of work from children to adult stories with moral heroes and peep plots. Among the Tezuka’s famous jobs of the time are Jungle Empire and Astro Boy. As the spirit of evolution of animation continued to rock Japan, a quality animation by Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki took over the market scene of animation. The film S pirited Away won her an Oscar due to the quality art work and the controversy of the female heroes in a society which is male dominated. Japanese animation (anime) and the comics (manga) have increasingly become popular in many countries. This is because the Japanese animation and comics have a different style to the other styles. The anime and the manga cover for all the categories of animation and contain genres that range from child to adult. The words animation, animator and animated are all derived from a Latin word ‘’animare† which means to give life to a nonliving thing. In the contest of video film, the word commonly refers to the act of artificial formation of impression of movement in animated forms and lines. Therefore, in definition the word means the practice of making an impression of movement which has been indirectly recorded in the convectional photographic sense from a film made by hand. However, it ought to be noted that this

Coal Industry in Wales between 1945 - 1985 Essay

Coal Industry in Wales between 1945 - 1985 - Essay Example Wales, as a nation, has largely been built around welsh language, and partly on collective identity by virtue of the coalfield communities. In the Wales, the labor party was held in reverence, owing to political and cultural references to coal. During the 1984-1985, the coal mine workers went on strike, following a change of government by Margaret Thatcher. The conservative party, unlike the labor party that was more concerned with the welfare of the mine workers and wealth distribution, was more concerned with free trade (Gildart 2001). This move was also not popular with both the national union of mineworkers (NUM) and the national coal board (NCB) that was recording losses. Market fluctuations, labor intensity, geographic concentration, distinctive structure and nature of the coal mining industry are some of the features that characterized this industry in the United Kingdom during the twentieth century (Davis 2006). The coalfields were so dependent on a limited economic activities range that once there was a decline in the market for coal, there occurred a widespread social distress, unemployment, and bitter disputes in industrial relations. As such, coal mining has served as an example to a number of social, economic and political issues in the history of modern Britain. State of the industry before 1945 During the industrial revolution, coal mining evolved into a large scale affair, as it was the primary source of energy for transportation and industries during the period between the eighteenth century and the 1950s. Compared to other sources of energy such as electricity, coal is steal abundant and of a lower cost. However, the discovery and mining of coal in other areas such as the United States led to a significant drop in the demand for coal from the Wales on a global scale. Additionally, oils and other associated fuels were now gaining popularity as an alternative source of energy (Davis 2006). By the late twentieth century, coal was rapidly being replaced as a source of energy in the transportation and industrial sectors, as well as at the domestic level. During the twentieth century, there was an increase in both output and manpower, and this ensured that Wales had its peak coal production. In 1913, Wales produced about 57 million tons of coal in 620 mines that employed 232,000 men. By 1913, Britain had over 2,500 mines. These were producing in excess of 290 million tones of coal (Davis 2006). Of these, 30 percent was meant for export. By 1938, just prior to the Second World War, the number of mines had reduced to 1,900, and the output plummeted to 230 million tones. Export was just over 50 million tones. This notwithstanding, the scale of the industry was still considered to be very large. By 1913, South Wales produced about 20 percent of all the coal in the United Kingdom (Gildart 2001). This came from coalfields in Durham/Northumberland, and Yorkshire and Scotland. The counties and towns where these mines were located became home to thousands of mines workers. By 1921, almost half of all the adult male workers found in Glamorgan happened to be coal miners. Following the end of the First World War

International Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Supply Chains - Essay Example More simply, it is the science (and art) of ensuring that the right products reach the right place in the right quantity at the right time to satisfy customer demand. It has also been defined as "the management of inventory in motion and at rest". (Source:http://www.ocs.ca/english/30_logistics.html). A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials; transformation of this material into intermediate and finished products; and distribution of these finished products to customers. (Source: Ganeshan & Harrison - Introduction to Supply Chain Management) International Supply Chains are those supply chains that transcend national boundaries in their operations. Logistics and supply chain solutions help clients realize the many benefits of an improved supply chain. They include reducing distribution costs, improving customer service, speeding up sales process and improving customer loyalty. The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (Geneva, 24 May 1980) states that "International multimodal transport" means the carriage... The United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods (Geneva, 24 May 1980) states that "International multimodal transport" means the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country. The operations of pick-up and delivery of goods carried out in the performance of a unimodal transport contract, as defined in such contract, shall not be considered as international multimodal transport." In loosely coined terms of day-to-day industry usage, multi-modal simply represents a combination of truck, rail, water, and or air transport to haul everything from small to large items, from raw materials to finished goods, and from perishable to non-perishables. (Source from website ). Major transport growths tries to achieve a balance between providing accessibility to the markets, economic efficiency and reduce threat to the environment. Multimodal transport, that is using two or more transport modes for a trip between which a transfer is necessary, has been touted as a solution for the current transportation issues. This came into full force with the invention of the container in 1960's by Malcolm MacLean. McLean explained that while sitting at a dock waiting for cargo he trucked in to be reloaded onto a ship, he realized that rather than loading and unloading the truck, the truck itself (with some minor modifications) could be the container that is transported. (Source from website ). The improvement in

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance - Research Paper Example Many metrics have been developed to ease this process. Faced with too much information, Investors at times get confused with no clear indication of what the true prices of stocks should be. (Penman, 2003). Under such circumstances, the investor either make decision based on his or her instinct, such investors according to Penman (2003) are intuitive investors while others who make their decision based on capital market efficiency are referred to as passive investors. This part of the question addresses the performance of a new venture to be set up to enable us make informed judgment as to a hold a buy or sell decision. Thus, the objective of this question is to analyse the liquidity, the profitability and solvency position of the new set up from information extracted from the projected profit and loss account, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. The report do not only provide a financial overview of the new venture for the projected three years period. The question also, guide potential investors on where the business is coming from and where it is heading to. Gross profit margin assumes that in the absence of other expenses what percentage of sales comes to the corporation as profit, while net profit margin takes into consideration all the expenses and measures what percentage of sales comes in as profit after all the other expenses must have been deducted. It is important to note here that, ratio analysis in them is useless except when compared with the industry benchmark or other competitors. 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Sales 488000 536312 589943 Cost of Sales 277650 358168 392947 Gross Profit 210351 178144 196996 Operating Profit/Loss 39441 84173 93080.8 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Growth in Sales (%) 10.0 10.0 Gross Profit Margin (%) 43.2 33.1 33.4 Net Profit Margin (%) 8.1 15.7 15.8 From the above analysis and interpretation, one will see that our proposed new venture is a feasible and profitable business. While gross profit margin for the first three years under projection is above 30%, net profit margin also portrays a favorable situation. Analysis of Capital Employed According to Penman (2003), assets and liabilities are distinguished based on the nature of the operations the underlying operation and the funding structure. The underlying operation is represented by the operating assets of the business. Operating assets are also known as capital employed - the amount of capital that is employed in the business. Here, it is defined as being the total assets without any deduction for the creditors of the business. 000s 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Current Assets 131079 167081 229919 Fixed Assets 33362 89033 127526 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Current assests 80 65 64 Fixed Assets 20 35 36 Key data & ROCE 2010 2011 2012 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Profit Before Interest& Tax 52588 112230 124108 ROCE (%) 32 44 35 This ratio ROCE measures how well a business has performed in terms of the capital used to carry out the daily operations. According to Penman (2003), it is a key performance indicator and may show a decline even though the net profit margin has gone up. This will reveal the fact that the increase in

Punishing children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Punishing children - Essay Example Therefore, families should not adopt corporal punishment as a technique of teaching children how to behave as it impacts negatively on behavior, both in the short term and long term. Increasingly, research studies point out to the unintended negative consequences of corporal punishment. First, corporal punishment increases aggression among children as they appreciate physical violence as a form of solving conflicts, just as applied by their parents. Corporal punishment entails use of physical force which exhibits a positive curvilinear relationship with aggression in children. In fact, while vouching for the need for legislation against this form of punishment, Smith cites the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child referring to it as â€Å"legalized violence against children.† A review of various research studies by Elliman and Lynch (197) indicates that corporal punishment results in the child complying with the parental demands immediately after being hit, but f or a short term. Such a child does not learn what the desired good is and hence the threat of need for greater frequency and intensity of corporal punishment so as to maintain the compliance. This causes significant physical abuse among the children exposed to corporal punishment. Humphrey and Schmalleger observe that in school, such children are twice more likely to attack other children physically within 6 months (121). Further, such children exhibit tendencies of abuse of child or partner late in life. They become antisocial and have the sense of conscience, moral internalization and empathy in them significantly reduce (Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin 528). Therefore, corporal punishment does not cause positive behavioral gains, but rather arouses and propagates aggression in children. Corporal punishment has also been noted to increase the likelihood of children becoming delinquent. In fact, as noted by Aucoin, Frick, and Bodin (529), corporal punishment could lead to behavioral probl ems as opposed to behavioral problems leading to corporal punishment. As such, these children develop delinquent behaviors later in life. Continued use of corporal punishment upholds delinquent behavior, such trouble at school and lying, two years later (Humphrey and Schmalleger 120). Indeed, a research study documented by Elliman and Lynch on 4,888 residents of Ontario aged below 65 with no history of sexual or physical violence, but reported being spanked or slapped, exhibited significantly higher tendencies of alcohol abuse, dependence and anxiety disorders (197). It should therefore be appreciated that whereas corporal punishment aims at instilling desirable behavior in a child, it could lead to delinquency in children. The third negative impact of corporal punishment entails the lowering of self-esteem among children, together with causing depression. The physical pain that children endure as a result of corporal punishment causes a rise of bitterness in them. With limited oppo rtunities to release such feelings, such children end up being stressed and eventually depressed. Children who have been through years of emotional pain as a result of being

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE Essay

SPIRITUAL ARCHITECTURE IN RONCHAMP AND LA TOURRETTE - Essay Example The other is the Sainte Marie de La Tourette, a Convent for teachers and students at Lyon, France hereafter called La Tourette. While the structures of Le Corbusiner can be analysed from different perspectives, this essay will discuss the techniques in form and material that were used for the two structures to achieve spiritual architecture. 1. Analysis of Notre Dame du Haut, Ronchamp Constructed in 1955, the Ronchamp structure follows the 'Expressionist Modern' modern style. The structure is built using concrete, glass and wood. The story behind the structure is that the original 4th church was destroyed in WW II. It is important to know that the church was a reformist church. This means that the clergy and the priests who managed and preached at the church wanted a modern structure. The wanted the spirit of the church to clear the decadent past when the structure was full of ornamental embellishments with stained glass, spires and other gothic features. Le Corbusier had to build a church that reflects modern art and modern architecture with spatial purity. However, Corbusier, in keeping with his own style wanted to focus on increasing available space1. The spirituality of the architecture can be seen in the the style he adopted for the interiors He used the illusion of increased space by using curves and interplaying light with shadows so that the depth of the room seemed to be more than it really was. The materials he has used extensively are concrete, stone, glass and wood to a small extent. The windows are arranged in sporadic pattern and in the form of puncturing apertures on the wall. This helps to amplify the light emerging from the chapel since the windows are tapered in the well cavity. Each wall is illuminated by the window frames that differ in light. The space behind the altar is thus given a speckled pattern like a star filled night with sparse openings. These openings are placed along with larger apertures above the cross. A flood of light is emi tted that falls on the cross creating a transformative experience for the visitor. This gives the spiritual architecture where the light of god is brought into the chapel2. 1.1. Analysis of form of Ronchamp The church has a simple design and it has two entrances. The main pulpit has a main altar and three chapels placed under the towers. Concrete is used in abundance in the structure and the use of steel reinforcement allowed Corbusier to create an upturned and curving roof that is supported by slender columns placed in the walls. The appearance of the roof is like a sail that is blowing on the windy currents of a stormy sea. This point is emphasised by the junction where the left and right walls converge and the shape seems like the curved hull of a ship. Le Corbusier has strived to bring the spiritual perspective of the reformist church into the structure. The new church is seen as the ship of the God that sails the stormy seas and carries its flock to salvation and safety. In the inside areas, space is created between the roofs and the walls. This has a number of clerestory windows with asymmetric light that falls from the openings in the wall. This helps to bring into sharp notice about the sacred role of the church and helps to create the relation between the building and the surroundings. By using concrete effectively to create recessed windows, a soft and indirect lighting emerges. This reflects off from the white walls of the church. The small windows ensure that minimum lighting falls on the congregation areas even in day light. During night, small lights behind the windows help to create a diffused lighting inside the prayer and sermon area. Corbusier did not want

Ethics of end of life care Essay Example for Free

Ethics of end of life care Essay Ethics often play a big role in end of life care in terminally ill people, such as the case of Hassan Rasouli, a man who was left with brain damage following surgery. Doctors determined that the man had no quality of life and that they had intended to remove him from life support measures that were necessary to keep him alive. His family quickly objected stating that they wanted him to remain on life support as in there Muslim religion it was imperative to preserve life. Doctors insisted that he should be removed, as there were no signs of life without artificial means, that the facial movements his family thought to be Mr. Rasouli smiling at them were just involuntary movements. The doctors feel that keeping the man on life support is inhumane verses letting him pass peacefully. The doctors have taken the case to the courts. This is an issues that is very common in todays times, with multiple factors playing a part from old age to terminal diseases, many people enact advance directives requarding their end of life care removing the debate of what their wishes were. The courts sided with the family and allowed the man to remain on artificial life support. An evaluation by a neurologist with the University of Western Ontario’s Brain and Mind Institute, found that Mr. Rasouli did in fact have some neurological function and therefor he was declared minimally conscious and not in a persistive vegetative state, however there is not a large difference in the two.

The Causes Of World War One Essay Example for Free

The Causes Of World War One Essay In the immediate view, it seems that there are two main arguments attributed to the origins of the First World War. One is that the war was planned, the other that it occurred due to accident and miscalculation. I aim to give a detailed analysis of these two arguments with the focus being on the main European powers at the time Germany, Great Britain, France and Russia. It is my view that the First World War was effectively planned, all be it for a later date, and that due to some miscalculations, it was then brought forward so that war would break out in Europe in August 1914. Using sources from various historians, I will argue this point of a planned war blaming it almost solely on the part of the German Empire and bringing in the other side of the argument, that the First World War was the result of accident and miscalculation. The most important idea in the argument that Germany planned the First World War is to be found in the Foreign Policies that she pursued from the late Nineteenth Century to the outbreak of war in 1914. It was the view that no matter how achieved, a German dominated Europe would provide a successful base for the ideal of Weltpolitik. This idea of Weltpolitik was the aim at the head of the hierarchy of German Foreign Policy; it gave the notion of a world mission, but an aggressive one, a mission where no man or nation would stand in the way of its objectives. The key point when describing German Foreign Policy before 1914 is of their willingness to risk war for their own gains in order to achieve world domination and the status of a major power. Michael Gordon argues that this war Germany risked did not, in their minds, involve Britain their greatest rival; As far as German policy is concerned, its readiness to risk war for its own ends either a local Balkan war fought by its ally in Vienna or a larger, continental-sized war in which it, France and Russia participated now seems unshakably established. therefore it seems that by 1914, the Germans had already decided that some form of war would occur. It is also evident that she had a clear plan of her ambitions and military aims later undone by her miscalculation of British and Russian policy which would result in a German dominated Europe; By either one of these two wars the German government thought its interests would be served: at minimum, a successful localised war kept limited by Russias backing off in fear would in the German view probably break up the Franco-Russian alliance, shore up the tottering Austro-Hungarian Empire, and clear the way in Central Europe for an eventual German breakthrough to successful Weltpolitik. It is my view that German Foreign Policy therefore dictated a planned war. This planned war may have been intended to be a fairly localised affair, but then the Germans had obviously either been misled or been ignorant to the stances of both Britain and Russia concerning this idea. Gordon argues that German leaders did not consciously aim at it , but that world war merely emanated from continental war in 1914. The previous German generation were devotees of the world policy , devised by Bismarck but taken up and massively extended by his successor Kaiser Wilhelm II. On his accession to the German throne in July 1888, Wilhelm quickly laid out his programme for country; he wanted to secure Germany a place in the sun . This could have meant anything, but translated, it meant that the basic and primary idea was to destroy Englands position in the world to Germanys advantage . Further translated, the Kaisers ideas aspire to the German jealousy of Britain and her wealth, colonial rule, ind ustrialisation and above all, world naval supremacy. Previous wars of the early Twentieth Century, for example, the Sino-Japanese and Boer Wars had proved the importance of sea power. Fritz Fischer argues that the construction of a great fleet was at the centre of Germanys political plans and that to build such a supreme fleet was the only way of catching up with Britain and being equal to other world powers. Again this jealousy is re-iterated by the lack of self-belief from the German government. We can see therefore, that her Foreign Policy was aggressive when it need not have been and that the idea of Weltpolitik was based on insurances from her huge army and navy. The government now had the full backing of groups of industry, which now heavily concentrated on shipbuilding. Pre-war German Foreign Policy can be summed up by Max Schinkel, the director of Germanys second largest bank; the broader basis in Europe was necessary for laying economic foundations of German world policy It can be argued that this world policy originated under Bismarckian rule, but it is my view that Bismarck merely fuelled the German people with ideas and the accession of Wilhelm made sure that these changes were not only made, but also radically altered and put harshly into place. All armies make plans. However do they make such specific and intentional plans as the Germans did before the First World War? The m ain reason that people think Germany planned the war is due to the Schlieffen Plan. However, as John Keegan argues, the Schlieffen Plan was merely a military affair with military objectives if such a conflict in Europe arose. However it did contain very specific aims in accordance with where the first attacks would be made and then where the majority of fighting would take place; In no sense did it precipitate the First World War Neither did its failure it was a plan for a quick victory in a short war Nevertheless, Schlieffens plan dictated where the wars focus would lie and through its innate flaws, the possibility of its protraction. I believe that what Schlieffen had in mind was a purely military plan, if, by chance, such a crisis arose. I do not believe that Schlieffen himself had anything to do with how the war came into being; he was purely commissioned to draft such a plan. However, the Kaiser, who wanted this war plan drawn up, did have many ulterior motives. He is the main figure in Germany at this time and it is very much as what he says goes. No one would dare question him due to his absolute intolerance of argumentative characters. What Schlieffen came up with was; a plan pregnant with dangerous uncertainty: the uncertainty of the quick victory it was designed to achieve; the greater uncertainty of what would follow if it did not attain its intended object. it seems, therefore, that the Germans, although they had this plan, had no kind of backup or alternative strategy. That idea is typical of the Kaisers character. On many occasions he would just throw everything out of the window and go for his objectives by the shortest possible route. This also confirms and is confirmed by the definition of Weltpolitik that no man or nation would stand in the way of Germany. Did other countries have war plans? Yes, of course, but none were as grandiose and as specific as the German idea. The French war plan confirmed her timidity in the face of her great enemy Germany. At first, they toyed with the idea of defence of the common frontier in the event of war , as; A French attack was though impossible by reason of disparity of numbers. A static French population of forty million could not challenge an expanding German population already fifty million strong and rising fast .. However, this was later disposed of and after some altercation concerning which was the best form of attack, Plan XVII was created in April 1913 but kept secret until the outbreak of war which dictated a headlong attack across the common Franco-German frontier, into Lorraine and towards the Rhine . This then became the French war plan. It was minimal and uncomplicated compared to that of Germany and in my opinion how a war plan should be set out. I believe a war plan should contain certain objectives, but mostly a lot of room to manoeuvre as there is always the problem of miscalculation (which Germany will later become the victim of). It is Fischers view (and I am inclined to agree with him) that it is the idea of world power and German domination that led to the outbreak of war. He argues that Germanys claim to world power was based on her consciousness of being a young, growing and rising nation . This national expansion on all fronts meant that Germany was developing into a high ly industrialised exporting country. However she was running out of options, with so many enemies, of finding markets and raw materials. This did not affect the Germans and played right into their hands and their world mission idea. Through this forced change of markets, she shifted her trade from the traditions of Britain, France and Europe to a worldwide trade; in 1913 the share of Europe in her imports and exports had gone down by 30 per cent; overseas countries, the tropics and above all South America, were supplying an increasing proportion of her raw materials. This advance of Germany in the world of business was based on the expansion of the great iron and steel industry, however new industries, including global communications, were starting to become successful. Therefore this reinforces the view that Germany was becoming a great power and that the people themselves through the Kaisers erratic ideas thought that they were becoming a real force and that the world mission was now a realistic target. It had already been proven that naval power was an incredibly important asset for a country to own; to free hers elf from dependence on British ships.., to enable her to bring her exports, financed by her own capital, to their markets abroad without British middle-men, Germany had to have her own merchant marine. the idea of this new naval power was that it would protect shipping and force Britain to regard her as an equal. However I believe that the new German Navy was a status symbol as much as it was a powerful weapon, as all of these domestic policies were geared towards strengthening Germany and therefore, it being easier to weaken other countries. Moreover, with her lack of raw materials, it became difficult for Germany to maintain her penetration of world markets; the narrowness of her raw materials market became increasingly apparent, and as she penetrated more deeply into world markets, this narrowness became more irksome. by now we can see the extent of Germanys (but predominantly the Kaisers) ideas. It is clear that there are no alternatives but to go for the highest objective by the quickest route, ignoring all other possibilities. I believe that these policies were absurd considering how close they were to fulfilling their goal of Weltpolitik. When taking into account the second argument; that the First World War was the result of accident and miscalculation, I do not believe that any cause s of the war can be attributed to accident, because when nations have such rigid policies and plans concerning Foreign and Domestic Policies and long-term war plans, it is impossible to see how any accidents can happen. However there were a miscalculations made, although I do not believe that these miscalculations were direct causes of the First World War. The idea of a German dominated Europe and all of Germanys war plans were greatly undone by her total miscalculation of British and Russian policy. As previously mentioned German Policy makers believed that their fight would be a short, successful and localised affair, due to Russia being too weak to try to deal with Germany now this Great Power; at minimum, a successful, localised war kept limited by Russias backing off in fear it is clear that the Germans really thought that Russia was basically insignificant. They drew this conclusion from the fact that Russia had already fought in a large war less than ten years earlier the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 as Russias drive across Asia and the Far-East continued. However, either by Russias secretiveness or by Germanys lack of detailed research, the German government did not realise that Russia w ould be able, not only to defend herself, but also to attack Germany. After much confrontation in the Balkans, Kaiser Wilhelm II was convinced that we shall soon see the third chapter of the Balkan wars in which we shall be involved . He was convinced that the balance of powers depended on that in the Balkans. It was to be these relatively small Balkan Wars that would lead to world war. The Kaiser gave the notion that Germany could deal with that though and therefore started to lay out diplomatic ideas for war with Russia. I believe that a German-Russian war was always going to occur; it was just a matter of when. In conversation with Archduke Franz Ferdinand the German Ambassador to Serbia the Kaiser argued that it was vital for Austria-Hungary her great ally to take action against Serbia, and that Russia wouldnt oppose, as she was by no means ready for war . However, with the assassination of Ferdinand by the Serbs, Germany agreed that the Balkan crisis was irreconcilable. Therefore, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and this was a move designed to improve Germanys position for eventual war with Russia. However, German assumption that Russia wasnt ready for war and wouldnt oppose Austria-Hungarys action s proved to be mistaken. Therefore, this eventual German-Russian war followed by four days and not four years as it had been laid out to do in 1917 in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan. However, Wilhelms arrogance and stupidity grew further. He saw the German-Russian war merely as a nuisance and that the Russian recovery gave them an unexpected problem, as their main objective was to acquire extra European Empire at Britains expense. I believe it was Russias attitude that Germany miscalculated, as she was and always has been a very secretive nation. We can also see through the alliances, how this conflict merged into world war. Moreover Germany underestimated Britain. She saw her archrival as being merely a diplomatic power, which was not big enough or daring enough to risk war for the sake of others. I believe it was this German attitude and her supposed increased threat that caused Britain to intervene militarily, more than her alliance with Russia. Therefore due to these great miscalculations, the Schlieffen Plan became void and Germany found herself encircled and in a world war situation. I have already mentioned that Schlieffens plan was pregnant with dangerous uncertainty of what would follow if it did not attain i ts intended objectives , and that is precisely what happened. Since the Germans had no backup plan, they forced themselves into a situation for which they werent prepared. Keegan finally points out that Secret plans determined that any crisis not settled by sensible diplomacy would, in the circumstances prevailing in Europe in 1914 lead to general war. In conclusion, I agree with Keegan, that through all events, war became an inevitable prospect. However through my arguments and chosen sources we can see that the First World War was ultimately planned and due to miscalculation on Germanys part, brought forward to August 1914. Moreover, her argument that the war was the result of accident and miscalculation does not stand up. This is shown mostly in Fischers argument that ultimately she could have prevented a world war even though she planned some kind of war such was her control over Europe at this time. BIBLIOGRAPHY FISCHER, F., Germanys Aims in the First World War (London: Chatto Windus, 1967) GORDON, M., Domestic Conflict and the Origins of the First World War: The British and the German Cases, Journal of Modern History, vol. 46 (1974) KAISER, D., Germany and the Origins of the First World War, Journal of Modern History, vol. 55 (1983) KEEGAN J., The First World War (London: Pimlico, 1999) KEIGER, J., France and the Origins of the World War (London: McMillan, 1983) WEHLER, H-U., The German Empire 1871-1918 (1985) WILSON, K., European Diplomacy 1871-1914, in PUGH, M, ed, A Companion to Modern European History 1871-1945 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997)